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Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and... 1993To review the risk factors and microbial etiologies of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the risk factors and microbial etiologies of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
DATA SOURCES
Include 77 current and historical references on PID, PID risk factors, and sexually transmitted diseases.
STUDY SELECTION
34 studies that address specific research questions.
DATA EXTRACTION
Data were used from studies whose methodologies are discussed.
DATA SYNTHESIS
This review identifies research problems regarding the definition, diagnosis, and identification of microbial profiles and risk factors of PID.
CONCLUSIONS
More reliable diagnostic criteria for the varied clinical presentations of this polymicrobial infection are needed. PID is a disease with multiple, interrelated risks. Education is an important nursing intervention.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Clinical Protocols; Comorbidity; Contraceptives, Oral; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Nursing Care; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Primary Prevention; Racial Groups; Risk Factors; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 8478740
DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1993.tb01796.x -
Journal of the International... Oct 1997
Review
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 11364742
DOI: No ID Found -
Postgraduate Medicine Feb 1993Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common infection in women of reproductive age. PID is actually a spectrum of disease, beginning with cervicitis and progressing to... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common infection in women of reproductive age. PID is actually a spectrum of disease, beginning with cervicitis and progressing to endometritis and eventually salpingitis. Sequelae include ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, hydrosalpinx, and tubo-ovarian abscess. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the primary causes of PID. Chlamydial infection may be asymptomatic, and the resulting salpingitis is often referred to as "silent PID." Polymicrobial infection with other organisms (eg, anaerobes, facultative aerobes) may be initiated by gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, or both. Early recognition of infection, prompt institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy, and proper follow-up are important to prevent the sequelae of PID. Patient education is essential to reduce the incidence of PID.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Clinical Protocols; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gonorrhea; Humans; Laparoscopy; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Risk Factors
PubMed: 8433960
DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1993.11701600 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 1998Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female genital tract, presents a number of difficult challenges in diagnosis and management. Adolescents in... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female genital tract, presents a number of difficult challenges in diagnosis and management. Adolescents in particular require aggressive care of PID to prevent the long-term sequelae of chronic pelvic pain and infertility. This article reviews the etiology, microbiology, diagnosis, and management of PID, with an emphasis on treating adolescents with PID.
Topics: Abscess; Adnexal Diseases; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 9679392
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.65.7.369 -
Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of... Dec 2003PID is a common infection in reproductive-age women that presents an enormous public health and economic burden. It is responsible for much short- and long-term... (Review)
Review
PID is a common infection in reproductive-age women that presents an enormous public health and economic burden. It is responsible for much short- and long-term morbidity that may necessitate interventions subsequent to the original infection. Mild PID seems to be much more common than severe or "classic" PID, and the importance of early recognition and treatment cannot be understated. Current treatment regimens seem to be effective in terms of immediate clinical efficacy. As we learn more about the frequency and importance of subclinical PID, the true burden of upper genital tract infection upon reproductive age women continues to be elucidated.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chronic Disease; Fallopian Tube Diseases; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infertility, Female; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pelvic Pain; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, Ectopic
PubMed: 14719850
DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8545(03)00088-3 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Mar 1992We attempted to assess trends in pelvic inflammatory disease occurrence and to describe current antibiotic treatment and use of surgical procedures for pelvic...
OBJECTIVES
We attempted to assess trends in pelvic inflammatory disease occurrence and to describe current antibiotic treatment and use of surgical procedures for pelvic inflammatory disease in the United States.
STUDY DESIGN
Analyses of hospitalizations according to the National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Discharge Survey for 1979 to 1988, and of office visits to private physicians from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index for 1979 to 1989 were done.
RESULTS
From 1979 to 1988, a mean of 181,700 women aged 15 to 44 years were hospitalized each year for acute pelvic inflammatory disease (3.03/1000 women) and 94,400 for chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (0.90/1000), and nearly 400,000 first visits for pelvic inflammatory disease were made each year to private physicians' offices (7.2/1000 women). Mean visit and hospitalization rates for acute pelvic inflammatory disease were highest for women aged 20 to 24 years and for other-than-white women. By 1987 to 1988, however, pelvic inflammatory disease hospitalization rates were highest for teenagers. Surgery was performed during 42% of hospitalizations for acute pelvic inflammatory disease and 90% of hospitalizations for chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. Over this time period, hospitalization rates for acute pelvic inflammatory disease decreased by 36% while office visit rates remained unchanged.
CONCLUSION
This decrease in hospitalizations for pelvic inflammatory disease may indicate a true decrease in its incidence, changes in physician hospitalization practices, or a shift in the spectrum of severity of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Gynecology; Hospitalization; Humans; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; Length of Stay; Office Visits; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; United States
PubMed: 1550176
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(92)91377-m -
Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen... 1985
Review
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Biopsy; Endometrium; Female; Finland; Genitalia, Female; Humans; Laparoscopy; Medical History Taking; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 2931270
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Pediatrics Dec 1980Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a bacterial infection centered in the fallopian tubes, is increasingly encountered among adolescents seen by the pediatrician. This... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a bacterial infection centered in the fallopian tubes, is increasingly encountered among adolescents seen by the pediatrician. This review describes two cases representative of gonococcal and nongonococcal PID and the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder are discussed. Emphasis is placed on management by the primary care pediatrician and indications for gynecologic consultation.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Salpingitis; Sweden; United States
PubMed: 7002421
DOI: 10.1177/000992288001901202 -
Scandinavian Journal of Infectious... 1990All efforts and economic resources allocated to different means to restore possibilities for women with obligated and damaged fallopian tubes to conceive and of... (Review)
Review
All efforts and economic resources allocated to different means to restore possibilities for women with obligated and damaged fallopian tubes to conceive and of involuntary childless couples to adopt children stress the disability of persons with such sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In contrast, preventive measures have so far obtained much less resources. At present, the number of PID cases in Sweden that become hospitalized has markedly decreased during recent years. This decrease preceded that of the number of diagnosed cases of gonorrhoea but preceded the level off and recent slight decrease of chlamydial cases seen in Sweden. Whether the decrease of PID cases represent a true decrease or not is not known. There has obviously been a shift to a greater proportion of non-gonococcal (chlamydial cases) versus gonococcal PID cases in Sweden. The former type of cases may generally have a milder clinical course which might mean the PID cases nowadays more often are low symptomatic or even asymptomatic and will thereby often be treated in ambulatory practice or not all all. The use of oral contraceptives may protect against ascending infection by chlamydiae, but not against gonococci. This may have a marked influence on the epidemiology of PID in Sweden. There are evidence of chronic tubal chlamydial infection often passing undiagnosed and that the diagnosis is first established in conjunction with ectopic pregnancy or infertility investigation. Ectopic pregnancy as a sequelae of chlamydial salpingitis is on its increase in most countries, including Sweden. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy generally follows more than 5 years after a chlamydial infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Contraception; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Sweden
PubMed: 2263900
DOI: No ID Found -
The Practitioner Nov 1985
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Laparoscopy; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Prognosis
PubMed: 2933644
DOI: No ID Found