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Translational Andrology and Urology Aug 2018Adult acquired buried penis represents the clinical manifestation of a wide spectrum of pathology due to a variety of etiologies. It can be related to obesity, a laxity... (Review)
Review
Adult acquired buried penis represents the clinical manifestation of a wide spectrum of pathology due to a variety of etiologies. It can be related to obesity, a laxity in connective tissue, lichen sclerosis (LS), complications from penile/scrotal enlargement surgery, scrotal lymphedema, or hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Buried penis can be associated with poor cosmesis and hygiene, voiding dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. Evaluation and management of buried penis largely depends on etiology and degree of affected tissue. It is an increasingly common problem seen by reconstructive urologists and here we present several frequently seen scenarios of buried penis and management options.
PubMed: 30211051
DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.05.06 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Jan 2011Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a sclerosing skin disease. When it appears in boys, it nearly always affects the penis and usually causes phimosis requiring surgical treatment.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a sclerosing skin disease. When it appears in boys, it nearly always affects the penis and usually causes phimosis requiring surgical treatment. The clinical significance of this disease in boys is inadequately recognized.
METHODS
The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of LS in boys are presented in the light of a review of selected literature. We also present our own experience with this disease in an ambulatory pediatric surgery practice.
RESULTS
LS has long been recognized as a disease of the prepubertal male genitalia (in such cases, the condition is also called "balanitis xerotica obliterans"). It is thought to be the main cause of acquired phimosis, and it can also involve the meatus and urethra as it progresses. Its possible association with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis remains unclear. Its etiology is unknown; its pathophysiological mechanism involves T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammation. The treatment of choice is complete circumcision. There is still controversy regarding the conservative treatment of LS with topical steroids.
CONCLUSION
LS is much more common in boys than is generally assumed. Lichen sclerosus should be suspected in any case of acquired phimosis. Treatment with complete circumcision does not necessarily bring about a definitive cure. Further research on the pathogenesis of this disease is needed.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Circumcision, Male; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus; Male; Penile Diseases; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21307992
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2011.053 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Nov 1949
Topics: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans; Humans; Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus; Male; Penis
PubMed: 15407359
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Urology Aug 1946
Topics: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans; Humans; Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus; Male; Penile Diseases; Penis
PubMed: 20992329
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)69803-3 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... May 2002Penile cancer is a rare malignancy in Norway with about 40 new cases each year. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Penile cancer is a rare malignancy in Norway with about 40 new cases each year.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An overview on diagnosis and treatment of penile cancer is given and the guidelines from the European Association of Urology are presented.
RESULTS
Phimosis and poor genital hygiene are pre-disposing conditions for penile cancer. Condylomata acuminatum and leukoplakia should be regarded as premalignant lesions. The superficial form of penile cancer should be treated by laser, surgery or radiotherapy. When the cancer infiltrates into corpus cavernosum or corpus spongiosum, or the tumour displays a poorly differentiated histology, a partial or total amputation of the penis has to be performed. Inguinal lymphadenectomy is recommended in patients presenting with a tumour > or = pT2 or if the histology reveals a moderately or poorly differentiated cancer. Five-year survival rate is about 80% for patients with localised tumour, and about 50% in patients with regional lymph node metastasis.
INTERPRETATION
We recommend that the treatment of penile cancer is performed in the regional hospitals.
Topics: Carcinoma in Situ; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms
PubMed: 12089846
DOI: No ID Found -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Jun 1946
PubMed: 19993330
DOI: No ID Found -
British Journal of Urology Apr 1980Phimosis, defined as scarring of the tip of the prepuce, was studied prospectively in a series of 23 boys aged 4 to 11 years. There was little to support the contention...
Phimosis, defined as scarring of the tip of the prepuce, was studied prospectively in a series of 23 boys aged 4 to 11 years. There was little to support the contention that the condition is caused by trauma, or by ammoniacal or bacterial inflammation of the prepuce, nor could any other aetiological factor be identified. Histological examination of the foreskin showed the appearances of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans in 20 of 21 specimens submitted for study.
Topics: Balanitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Circumcision, Male; Humans; Infant; Male; Penis; Phimosis; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 7191744
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1980.tb02945.x -
Annales de Dermatologie Et de... Jan 2012
Review
Topics: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans; Biopsy; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Carcinoma, Verrucous; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Inflammation; Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus; Male; Mycosis Fungoides; Precancerous Conditions; Scleroderma, Localized; Skin Neoplasms; Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus
PubMed: 22225747
DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2011.09.008 -
International Journal of Dermatology Jul 2019Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), or penile lichen sclerosus, is a progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of the glans penis and foreskin. It is associated... (Review)
Review
Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), or penile lichen sclerosus, is a progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of the glans penis and foreskin. It is associated with significant morbidity and may result in impaired urinary and sexual function. It was initially described by Stuhmer in 1928, named after its pathological features, and is considered the male equivalent of vulvar lichen sclerosis (LS). The etiology of BXO is uncertain; however, autoimmune disease, local trauma, and genetic and infective causes have been proposed. BXO occurs most commonly on the prepuce and glans penis. It is considered to have premalignant potential to transform into squamous neoplasia. This postulation rests on retrospective studies and parallels drawn with vulvar LS and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development. Histologically, BXO and vulvar LS are considered the same disease. There is a paucity of evidence-based guidelines to assist with appropriate follow-up for patients with BXO.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Circumcision, Male; Dermatology; Diagnosis, Differential; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms; Penis; Phimosis; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Precancerous Conditions; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Urination Disorders
PubMed: 30315576
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14236 -
International Journal of STD & AIDS 1995
Review
Topics: Age Factors; Balanitis; History, 20th Century; Humans; Male
PubMed: 7779935
DOI: 10.1177/095646249500600203