-
The American Journal of Clinical... Jan 1999The fatty acid composition of the diet is known to be partially reflected by the fatty acid composition of serum lipids. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
The fatty acid composition of the diet is known to be partially reflected by the fatty acid composition of serum lipids.
OBJECTIVE
We examined whether pentadecanoic acid (15:0) in serum lipids can be used as a marker for intake of milk fat, the major dietary source of 15:0. We also investigated the relations between intake of milk fat and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
DESIGN
Sixty-two 70-y-old men completed 7-d dietary records. The intake of milk products was studied in relation to the proportions of 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters and phospholipids, as well as to the clinical characteristics of these men, by using Spearman's rank correlation.
RESULTS
The proportions of 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters were positively related to butter intake (r = 0.36. P = 0.004) and to the total amount of fat from milk products (r = 0.46, P < 0.0001): 15:0 in phospholipids was related to the amount of fat from milk and cream (r = 0.34, P = 0.008) and to the total amount of fat from milk products (r = 0.34, P = 0.008). Inverse associations were found between intake of milk products and body mass index, waist circumference, LDL-HDL ratio, HDL triacylglycerols, and fasting plasma glucose, whereas relations to HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I tended to be positive.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that 15:0 in serum can be used as a marker for intake of milk fat. The explanation for the inverse associations between the intake of milk products and certain cardiovascular risk factors is not known.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol Esters; Cohort Studies; Dairy Products; Diet Records; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Life Style; Male; Milk; Risk Factors; Sweden
PubMed: 9925119
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.1.22 -
Food & Nutrition Research 2016There is a lack of studies comparing dietary assessment methods with the biomarkers of fatty acids in children.
BACKGROUND
There is a lack of studies comparing dietary assessment methods with the biomarkers of fatty acids in children.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to evaluate the suitability of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to rank young children according to their intake of dairy and fish products by comparing food frequency estimates to the plasma phospholipid fatty acids pentadecanoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
DESIGN
Cross-sectional data for the present study were derived from the prospective cohort 'Environmental Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes Study'. Infants were recruited from the Norwegian general population during 2001-2007. One hundred and ten (age 3-10 years) children had sufficient volumes of plasma and FFQ filled in within 2 months from blood sampling and were included in this evaluation study. The quantitative determination of plasma phospholipid fatty acids was done by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. The association between the frequency of dairy and fish product intake and the plasma phospholipid fatty acids was assessed by a Spearman correlation analysis and by investigating whether participants were classified into the same quartiles of distribution.
RESULTS
Significant correlations were found between pentadecanoic acid and the intake frequency of total dairy products (r=0.29), total fat dairy products (r=0.39), and cheese products (r=0.36). EPA and DHA were significantly correlated with the intake frequency of oily fish (r=0.26 and 0.37, respectively) and cod liver/fish oil supplements (r=0.47 for EPA and r=0.50 DHA). To a large extent, the FFQ was able to classify individuals into the same quartile as the relevant fatty acid biomarker.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggests that, when using the plasma phospholipid fatty acids pentadecanoic acid, EPA, and DHA as biomarkers, the FFQ used in young children showed a moderate capability to rank the intake frequency of dairy products with a high-fat content and cod liver/fish oil supplements.
PubMed: 27534845
DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31933 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Dec 2014Growing evidence suggests that dairy consumption is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk. However, observational studies have reported inconsistent results, and...
BACKGROUND
Growing evidence suggests that dairy consumption is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk. However, observational studies have reported inconsistent results, and few have examined dairy's association with the underlying disorders of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the association of the dairy fatty acid biomarkers pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and trans-palmitoleic acid (trans 16:1n-7) with type 2 diabetes traits by evaluating 1) prospective associations with incident diabetes after 5 y of follow-up and 2) cross-sectional associations with directly measured insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
DESIGN
The study analyzed 659 adults without diabetes at baseline from the triethnic multicenter Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes status was assessed by using oral-glucose-tolerance tests. Frequently sampled intravenous-glucose-tolerance tests measured insulin sensitivity (SI) and β-cell function [disposition index (DI)]. Serum fatty acids were quantified by using gas chromatography. Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables.
RESULTS
Serum 15:0 was a significant biomarker for total dairy intake in the IRAS cohort. It was associated with a decreased incident diabetes risk (OR: 0.73, P = 0.02) and was positively associated with log SI (β: 0.84, P = 0.03) and log DI (β: 2.21, P = 0.02) in fully adjusted models. trans 16:1n-7 was a marker of total partially hydrogenated dietary fat intake and was not associated with outcomes in fully adjusted models.
CONCLUSIONS
Serum 15:0, a marker of short-term intake of this fatty acid, was inversely associated with diabetes risk in this multiethnic cohort. This study may contribute to future recommendations regarding the benefits of dairy products on type 2 diabetes risk.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dairy Products; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Ethnicity; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Life Style; Linear Models; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 25411288
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092544 -
Current Opinion in Lipidology Feb 2017Dairy is a major food group with potential impact on cardiometabolic health. Self-reported dairy intake has limitations that can partly be avoided by using biomarkers.... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Dairy is a major food group with potential impact on cardiometabolic health. Self-reported dairy intake has limitations that can partly be avoided by using biomarkers. This review aims to summarize the evidence of odd-chain saturated fatty acids (OCFAs), that is, pentadecanoic acid (C15 : 0) and heptadecanoic acid (17 : 0), as biomarkers of dairy fat intake. In addition, the associations of OCFA biomarkers with cardiometabolic disease will be overviewed.
RECENT FINDINGS
Adipose tissue 15 : 0 is the preferred biomarker but also circulating 15 : 0, and to a weaker extent 17 : 0, reflects both habitual and changes in dairy intake. Whereas results from studies assessing cardiovascular outcomes are inconsistent, OCFA biomarkers are overall associated with lower diabetes risk. Residual confounding should however be considered until interventional data and mechanisms are available. Although OCFA biomarkers mainly reflect dairy fat intake, recently proposed endogenous synthesis and metabolism do motivate further research.
SUMMARY
Taking into account the study population diet and limitations of OCFA biomarkers, both adipose and circulating levels of 15 : 0, in particular, are useful for estimating total dairy fat intake. OCFA biomarkers are overall not linked to cardiovascular disease risk, but a possible beneficial role of dairy foods in diabetes prevention warrant further study.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Milk
PubMed: 27906713
DOI: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000381 -
Annals of Nuclear Cardiology 2023The purpose of this practice recommendation is to specifically identify the critical steps involved in performing and interpreting I-β-methyl-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this practice recommendation is to specifically identify the critical steps involved in performing and interpreting I-β-methyl-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and measurement of washout rate (WR) from the heart. This document will cover backgrounds, patient preparation, testing procedure, visual image interpretation, quantitation methods using planar and SPECT studies, and reporting of WR. The pitfall and some tips for the calculation of I-BMIPP WR are also included. The targets of global and regional WR calculation include ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy, an emerging rare heart disease.
PubMed: 38058580
DOI: 10.17996/anc.23-00005 -
PloS One 2017Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and ranges from isolated steatosis to NASH. To determine whether circulating fatty...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and ranges from isolated steatosis to NASH. To determine whether circulating fatty acids could serve as diagnostic markers of NAFLD severity and whether specific fatty acids could contribute to the pathogenesis of NASH, we analyzed two independent NAFLD patient cohorts and used the methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) NASH mouse model. We identified six fatty acids that could serve as non-invasive markers of NASH in patients with NAFLD. Serum levels of 15:0, 17:0 and 16:1n7t negatively correlated with NAFLD activity scores and hepatocyte ballooning scores, while 18:1n7c serum levels strongly correlated with fibrosis stage and liver inflammation. Serum levels of 15:0 and 17:0 also negatively correlated with fasting glucose and AST, while 16:1n7c and 18:1n7c levels positively correlated with AST and ferritin, respectively. Inclusion of demographic and clinical parameters improved the performance of the fatty acid panels in detecting NASH in NAFLD patients. The panel [15:0, 16:1n7t, 18:1n7c, 22:5n3, age, ferritin and APRI] predicted intermediate or advanced fibrosis in NAFLD patients, with 82% sensitivity at 90% specificity [AUROC = 0.92]. 15:0 and 18:1n7c were further selected for functional studies in vivo. Mice treated with 15:0-supplemented MCD diet showed reduced AST levels and hepatic infiltration of ceroid-laden macrophages compared to MCD-treated mice, suggesting that 15:0 deficiency contributes to liver injury in NASH. In contrast, 18:1n7c-supplemented MCD diet didn't affect liver pathology. In conclusion, 15:0 may serve as a promising biomarker or therapeutic target in NASH, opening avenues for the integration of diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver; Methionine; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Triglycerides
PubMed: 29244873
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189965 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Oct 2021In the food industry, most fatty acid-rich oils are primarily composed of saturated even-chain fatty acids. However, saturated odd-chain fatty acids are potentially a...
In the food industry, most fatty acid-rich oils are primarily composed of saturated even-chain fatty acids. However, saturated odd-chain fatty acids are potentially a beneficial alternative to other saturated fatty acid-containing oils. In this communication, we examine the safety of odd-chain fatty acid (OCFA) algal oil, a microalgal-sourced oil composed primarily of the saturated odd-chain fatty acids pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid. OCFA algal oil was assessed for toxicity in a 14-day palatability study and comprehensive 13-week dietary study at inclusion levels of 5%, 10%, and 15% in the diet, utilizing a DHA-rich algal oil as a comparator control. No adverse effects attributed to the consumption of OCFA algal oil were observed in either study. Therefore, we report a No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 150,000 ppm (15% in the diet), equivalent to an OCFA algal oil intake of 7553.9 and 8387.7 mg/kg bw/day for male and female rats, respectively. The genotoxic potential of OCFA algal oil was also examined in an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and in vivo mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test. OCFA algal oil was non-mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli test strains and did not exhibit clastogenicity in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Fatty Acids; Female; Male; Microalgae; Organ Size; Plant Oils; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 34332011
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112444 -
Marine Drugs Jan 2022Malaysia has a long coastline surrounded by various islands, including North Borneo, that provide a suitable environment for the growth of diverse species of seaweeds.... (Review)
Review
Malaysia has a long coastline surrounded by various islands, including North Borneo, that provide a suitable environment for the growth of diverse species of seaweeds. Some of the important North Bornean seaweed species are , , (Rhodophyta), , (Chlorophyta), and (Ochrophyta). This review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of North Bornean seaweeds and their nutraceutical profiling. North Bornean seaweeds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, renal protective and hepatic protective potentials. The protective roles of the seaweeds might be due to the presence of a wide variety of nutraceuticals, including phthalic anhydride, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, 2-pentylthiophene, furoic acid (), eicosapentaenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, fucoxanthin, β-carotene (), eucalyptol, oleic acid, dodecanal, pentadecane (), canthaxanthin, oleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, eicosane (), pseudoephedrine, palmitic acid, monocaprin (), dictyohydroperoxide, squalene, fucosterol, saringosterol (), and lutein, neophytadiene, cholest-4-en-3-one and -vaccenic acid (). Extensive studies on the seaweed isolates are highly recommended to understand their bioactivity and mechanisms of action, while highlighting their commercialization potential.
Topics: Animals; Biological Products; Borneo; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Seaweed
PubMed: 35200631
DOI: 10.3390/md20020101 -
Journal of Biochemistry Aug 2006Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3)-containing phospholipids are a ubiquitous component of the central nervous system and retina, however their physiological and...
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3)-containing phospholipids are a ubiquitous component of the central nervous system and retina, however their physiological and pharmacological functions have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report a novel DHA-containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a marine single cell eukaryote, Schizochytrium sp. F26-b. Interestingly, 31.8% of all the fatty acid in F26-b is DHA, which is incorporated into triacylglycerols and various phospholipids. In phospholipids, DHA was found to make up about 50% of total fatty acid. To identify phospholipid species containing DHA, the fraction of phospholipids from strain F26-b was subjected to normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was found that DHA was incorporated into PC, lyso-PC, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. The major DHA-containing phospholipid was PC in which 32.5% of the fatty acid was DHA. The structure of PC was analyzed further by phospholipase A2 treatment, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and 1H- and 13C-NMR after purification of the PC with reverse phase HPLC. Collectively, it was clarified that the major PC contains pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) at sn-1 and DHA at sn-2; the systematic name of this novel PC is therefore "1-pentadecanoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine."
Topics: Animals; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eukaryota; Fatty Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids
PubMed: 16829536
DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj145 -
Bioconjugate Chemistry Dec 201015-(4-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethoxy)phenyl)pentadecanoic acid ([¹⁸F]7) was synthesized as a PET probe for assessing myocardial fatty acid metabolism. The radiosynthesis of...
15-(4-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethoxy)phenyl)pentadecanoic acid ([¹⁸F]7) was synthesized as a PET probe for assessing myocardial fatty acid metabolism. The radiosynthesis of [¹⁸F]7 was accomplished using a two-step reaction, starting with the corresponding tosylate ester, methyl 15-(4-(2-(tosyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl)pentadecanoate (5), and gave the radiolabeled fatty acid, [¹⁸F]7 in a radiolabeling yield of 55-60% and a specific activity of >2000 Ci/mmol (decay corrected to EOB). The biological evaluation of [¹⁸F]7 in rats displayed high uptake in heart (1.94%ID/g at 5 min), which was higher than the uptake (%ID/g) in blood, lung, muscle, pancreas, and brain. MicroPET studies of [¹⁸F]7 in Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrated excellent images of the myocardium when compared with [¹¹C]palmitate images in the same animal. Moreover, the tracer kinetics of [¹⁸F]7 paralleled those seen with [¹¹C]palmitate, with an early peak followed by biphasic washout. When compared to [¹¹C]palmitate, [¹⁸F]7 exhibited a slower early clearance (0.17 ± 0.01 vs 0.30 ± 0.02, P < 0.0001) and a significantly higher late clearance (0.0030 ± 0.0005 vs 0.0006 ± 0.00013, P < 0.01). These initial studies suggest that [¹⁸F]7 could be a potentially useful clinical PET tracer to assess abnormal myocardial fatty acid metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Ethyl Ethers; Fatty Acids; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Isotope Labeling; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Myocardium; Organ Specificity; Palmitic Acid; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 21070001
DOI: 10.1021/bc100343h