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Veterinary Parasitology Nov 2007Virgin heifers (44) were intravaginally inoculated at estrus with low (10(6)) or high (10(8)) doses of live Tetratrichomonas sp., Pentatrichomonas hominis (P. hominis),...
Virgin heifers (44) were intravaginally inoculated at estrus with low (10(6)) or high (10(8)) doses of live Tetratrichomonas sp., Pentatrichomonas hominis (P. hominis), or Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus). Controls were inoculated with Diamond's trypticase yeast extract maltose media. Genital infection was determined by culture of cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) in Schneider's media and InPouch TF as well as by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP). The presence of trichomonads in fecal samples was determined by culture in Schneider's medium and PCR/RFLP. In CVM samples, tetratrichomonads were found by PCR/RFLP and Schneider's culture only sporadically at intermittent weeks. The presence of tetratrichomonads was not associated with the dose in the experimental vaginal inoculation since Tetratrichomonas sp. appeared more frequently in heifers inoculated with a low dose of tetratrichomonads than in heifers inoculated with a high dose of tetratrichomonads. Moreover, Tetratrichomonas spp. were isolated not only in heifers inoculated with tetratrichomonads but also in control heifers and in heifers inoculated with P. hominis. In feces, Tetratrichomonas spp. were frequently identified by culture in Schneider's and by PCR/RFLP in heifers of all groups. P. hominis was never found in CVM or feces by any method. Based on the common appearance of tetratrichomonads in feces and vaginal secretions, it appears that tetratrichomonads were detected periodically in the vagina of heifers as a consequence of repeated contamination from feces and not as a result of experimental infection. In summary, in this study, the strains of Tetratrichomonas sp. and P. hominis did not establish persistent infection in heifers.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Estrus; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Trichomonadida; Vagina
PubMed: 17950533
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.007 -
Infection and Immunity Mar 1989Complement pathway activity in the killing of Pentatrichomonas hominis was investigated in this study. At 10(5) organisms per ml, P. hominis was completely killed by the...
Complement pathway activity in the killing of Pentatrichomonas hominis was investigated in this study. At 10(5) organisms per ml, P. hominis was completely killed by the presence of 1% normal human serum. In contrast, no killing effect on P. hominis was observed when specific antibodies were absorbed or when the complement was destroyed. Moreover, Mg2+-ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-treated serum had no killing effect on P. hominis, while serum heated at 50 degrees C or treated with zymosan killed P. hominis as well as did normal human serum. Further study using gel filtration (Sephacryl S-300) and affinity chromatography (protein A) revealed that immunoglobulin M (IgM; 20 micrograms/ml) alone was responsible for the complement activation in the killing of P. hominis, but both IgA (24 micrograms/ml) and IgG (180 micrograms/ml) had no effect on complement-mediated lysis. On the other hand, IgG at 1,260 micrograms/ml completely inhibited complement-mediated killing by IgM, suggesting that a blocking factor is present in IgG. The results of this study indicate that a mechanism of IgM-dependent classical complement pathway activation contributes to the killing effect of normal human serum on P. hominis.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Complement Activation; Complement Pathway, Classical; Eukaryota; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; In Vitro Techniques
PubMed: 2917791
DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.3.902-906.1989 -
Omics : a Journal of Integrative Biology Nov 2016Pentatrichomonas hominis is an anaerobic flagellated protist that colonizes the large intestine of a number of mammals, including cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, and...
Pentatrichomonas hominis is an anaerobic flagellated protist that colonizes the large intestine of a number of mammals, including cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, and humans. The wide host range of this organism is alarming and suggests a rising zoonotic emergency. However, knowledge on in-depth biology of this protist is still limited. Similar to the human pathogen, Trichomonas vaginalis, P. hominis possesses hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria. Studies in T. vaginalis indicated that hydrogenosome is essential for cell survival and associated with numerous pivotal biological functions, including drug resistance. To further decipher the biology of this important organelle, we undertook proteomic research in P. hominis hydrogenosomes. Lacking a decoded P. hominis genome, we utilized an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data set generated from P. hominis axenic culture as the reference for proteome analysis. Using this in-house reference data set and mass spectrometry (MS), we identified 442 putative hydrogenosomal proteins. Interestingly, the composition of the P. hominis hydrogenosomal proteins is very similar to that of T. vaginalis, but proteins such as Hmp36, Pam16, Pam18, and Isd11 are absent based on both MS and the RNA-seq. Our data underscore that P. hominis expresses different homologs of multiple gene families from T. vaginalis. To the best of our knowledge, we present here the first hydrogenosome proteome in a protist other than T. vaginalis that offers crucial new scholarship for global health, therapeutics, diagnostics, and veterinary medicine research. In addition, the research strategy used here using RNA sequencing and proteomics might inform future multi-omics research in other understudied organisms without decoded genomes.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dogs; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Organelles; Proteome; Proteomics; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Proteins; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Trichomonadida; Zoonoses
PubMed: 27828770
DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0111 -
Georgian Medical News Dec 2020Objective - studying species belonging to the causative agents of trichomoniasis of the genitourinary system in patients with sexually transmitted infections and...
DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF GENITAL INVASION CAUSED BY TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND POSSIBLY OTHER RELATED SPECIES (PENTATRICHOMONAS HOMINIS AND TRICHOMONAS TENAX) IN PATIENTS WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY.
Objective - studying species belonging to the causative agents of trichomoniasis of the genitourinary system in patients with sexually transmitted infections and immunodeficiency, assessing efficiency of their treatment. 77 patients with sexually transmitted infections and immunodeficiency were examined using the method of polymerase chain reaction in order to detect trichomonas species. 32 patients were given treatment and immune system indicators dynamics were determined. Trichomonas tenax was detected in 15.5%, Pentatrichomonas hominis - in 22%, Trichomonas vaginalis - in 4.1% of 77 examined patients. The method of combine treatment, providing for consecutive application of anti-protist substances of ornidazole and nifurotel with PROPES® taking smiltaniosly was effective to manage chronic trichomoniasis in 96.9% cases. Normalization of immune system took place. Trichomonias is a widespread disease in patients with sexually transmitted infections and immunodeficiency at the same time (41.6%). Application of the suggested original method allows us to achieve effective cure of chronic genital trichomoniasis caused by its various trichomonas species. Administration of PROPES® could be recommended as combined treatment of trichomoniasis on the background of immunodeficiency.
Topics: Genitalia; Humans; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Trichomonas; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 33526734
DOI: No ID Found -
Trends in Parasitology Jul 2014Trichomonads are common parasites of many vertebrate and invertebrate species, with four species classically recognized as human parasites: Dientamoeba fragilis,... (Review)
Review
Trichomonads are common parasites of many vertebrate and invertebrate species, with four species classically recognized as human parasites: Dientamoeba fragilis, Pentatrichomonas hominis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Trichomonas tenax. The latter two species are considered human-specific; by contrast, D. fragilis and P. hominis have been isolated from domestic and farm mammals, demonstrating a wide host range and potential zoonotic origin. Several new studies have highlighted the zoonotic dimension of trichomonads. First, species typically known to infect birds and domestic mammals have been identified in human clinical samples. Second, several phylogenetic analyses have identified animal-derived trichomonads as close sister taxa of the two human-specific species. It is our opinion, therefore, that these observations prompt further investigation into the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Humans; Phylogeny; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24951156
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.005 -
The Journal of Parasitology Feb 2003Recently, several investigators have reported large-bowel diarrhea in cats associated with intestinal trichomonad parasites. These reports have presumptively identified...
Recently, several investigators have reported large-bowel diarrhea in cats associated with intestinal trichomonad parasites. These reports have presumptively identified the flagellates as Pentatrichomonas hominis, a n organism putatively capable of infecting the intestinal tracts of a number of mammalian hosts, including cats, dogs, and man. The purpose of the present study was to determine the identity of this recently recognized flagellate by means of rRNA gene sequence analysis; restriction enzyme digest mapping; and light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Protozoan; DNA, Ribosomal; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Flagella; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molecular Sequence Data; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal; RNA, Protozoan; RNA, Ribosomal; Sequence Alignment; Trichomonadida; Tritrichomonas foetus
PubMed: 12659310
DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0099:TFANPH]2.0.CO;2 -
Veterinary Parasitology Feb 2012In this retrospective study 102 cats were analyzed for the presence of trichomonads in intestinal tissue sections using chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Two...
In this retrospective study 102 cats were analyzed for the presence of trichomonads in intestinal tissue sections using chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Two intestinal trichomonad species are described in cats: Pentatrichomonas hominis and Tritrichomonas foetus. While P. hominis is considered a mere commensal, T. foetus has been found to be the causative agent of feline large-bowel diarrhea. For the detection of both agents within intestinal tissue CISH assays using three different probes were performed. In the first CISH run a probe specific for all relevant members of the order Trichomonadida (OT probe) was used. In a second CISH run all positive samples were further examined on three consecutive tissue sections using the OT probe, a probe specific for the family of Tritrichomonadidae (Tritri probe) and a newly designed probe specifically detecting P. hominis (Penta hom probe). In total, four of the 102 cats were found to be positive with the OT probe. Thereof, one cat gave a positive reaction with the P. hominis probe and three cats were positive with the T. foetus probe. All Trichomonas-positive cats were pure-bred and between 8 and 32 weeks of age. In one cat positive for T. foetus large amounts of parasites were found in the gut lumen and invading the intestinal mucosa. The species of the detected trichomonads were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing of a part of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. In this study, the usefulness of CISH to detect intestinal trichomonads within feline tissue samples was shown. Additionally, the specific detection of P. hominis using CISH was established. Generally, it was shown that CISH is well suited for detection and differentiation of trichomonosis in retrospective studies using tissue samples.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Protozoan; Diarrhea; Female; Formaldehyde; In Situ Hybridization; Intestines; Male; Oligonucleotide Probes; Paraffin; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Infections, Animal; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Retrospective Studies; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Trichomonadida; Tritrichomonas foetus
PubMed: 21856079
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.050 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2019Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite that has been definitively identified as an agent of trichomonosis, a disease characterized by chronic diarrhea. T. foetus colonizes... (Review)
Review
Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite that has been definitively identified as an agent of trichomonosis, a disease characterized by chronic diarrhea. T. foetus colonizes portions of the feline large intestine, and manifests as chronic and recurrent diarrhea with mucus and fresh blood, which is often unresponsive to common drugs. Diagnosis of a trichomonad infection is made by either the demonstration of the trophozoite on a direct fecal smear, fecal culture and subsequent microscopic examination of the parasite, or extraction of DNA in feces and amplification by the use of molecular tools. T. foetus is commonly misidentified as other flagellate protozoa such as Giardia duodenalis and Pentatrichomonas hominis. Without proper treatment, the diarrhea may resolve spontaneously in months to years, but cats can remain carriers of the parasite. This paper intends to serve as a source of information for investigators and veterinarians, reviewing the most important aspects of feline trichomonosis, such as trichomonad history, biology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, world distribution, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Protozoan; Diarrhea; Feces; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Risk Factors; Tritrichomonas foetus
PubMed: 30892464
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612019005 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Jul 2007To determine the optimum reaction conditions and detection limits of PCR assay for identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in DNA extracted from canine feces.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the optimum reaction conditions and detection limits of PCR assay for identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in DNA extracted from canine feces.
SAMPLE POPULATION
DNA extracted from feces of 4 dogs with diarrhea from which trichomonads were observed, 81 dogs that had feces submitted to a diagnostic laboratory, and 19 dogs residing in a laboratory animal facility.
PROCEDURES
Optimum reaction conditions and absolute and practical detection limits of 2 P hominis 18S species-specific primer pairs were determined by use of an in vitro cultivated canine isolate of P hominis in the presence and absence of canine feces. The optimized PCR assay was applied to amplification of P hominis 18S rRNA genes from DNA extracted from the feces of dogs.
RESULTS
Under optimized conditions, a primer pair was identified as able to detect as few as 1 P hominis organism/180-mg fecal sample. The PCR assay identified P hominis in diarrheic feces of 4 dogs in which trichomonads were seen by light microscopy. The P hominis genes were not amplified from other fecal samples examined.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Molecular identification of P hominis in feces of 4 dogs with trichomonosis and diarrhea reported here validates the identity of this species in such infections. Sensitive and specific PCR amplification of P hominis 18S rRNA genes from DNA extracted from feces will directly facilitate studies examining pathogenicity of this trichomonad and enable differentiation of P hominis from other known or novel species of trichomonads that may infect the gastrointestinal tract of dogs.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Protozoan; Diarrhea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feces; Female; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Species Specificity; Trichomonadida
PubMed: 17605615
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.7.783 -
Molecular identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in two patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.Journal of Clinical Pathology Oct 2011
Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Base Sequence; DNA, Protozoan; Diarrhea; Feces; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Metronidazole; Molecular Sequence Data; Predictive Value of Tests; Ribotyping; Trichomonas
PubMed: 21551465
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2011.089326