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International Journal of Toxicology 2008Pentasodium Pentetate and Pentetic Acid function as chelating agents in cosmetics. Pentasodium Pentetate is readily soluble in water, but the corresponding free acid is...
Pentasodium Pentetate and Pentetic Acid function as chelating agents in cosmetics. Pentasodium Pentetate is readily soluble in water, but the corresponding free acid is not. Pentasodium Pentetate is used in almost 400 cosmetic products over a wide range of product categories, although it is mostly used in hair dyes and colors at use concentrations of 0.1% to 1.0%. Pentetic Acid is used in 150 cosmetic products, mostly in hair dyes and colors. Chelating agents are used in cosmetics to remove calcium and magnesium cations, which impede foaming and cleansing performance and which can cause a haze in clear liquids. The acute oral LD(50) of Pentasodium Pentetate in rats was > 5 g/kg. The acute dermal LD(50) of Pentapotassium Pentetate using rats was reported to be > 2 g/kg. The intraperitonal LD(50) of Pentetic Acid was reported to be 585 mg/kg. Short-term studies of the calcium and sodium salts of Pentetic Acid in male mice demonstrated no dose-related toxicity over the dose range of 10, 100, and 250 mg/kg. In a 4-week dermal toxicity study, daily topical application of 0.05% Pentasodium Pentetate to shaved and abraded rabbit skin produced moderate erythema after the first week and throughout the study, but no systemic toxicity. Pentasodium Pentetate or Pentapotassium Pentetate applied to intact albino rabbit skin were not irritating. A 40% solution of Pentapotassium Pentetate was not sensitizing in a guinea pig maximization test. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for rats given 40% Pentapotassium Pentetate by oral gavage was reported to be 83 mg/kg day(-1). Subchronic inhalation evaluation of a bath freshener containing 0.05% or 0.09% Pentasodium Pentetate using albino rats determined that there was no cumulative systemic toxicity attributable to the ingredient at either concentration. The no observed effect level (NOEL) for maternal toxicity in pregnant rats was 400 mg/kg body weight and for fetal toxicity was 100 mg/kg body weight. Another reproductive toxicity study evaluated Pentetic Acid-Zn with and without sodium chloride in pregnant C57/B1 Dougherty mice. No toxicity was found without added sodium chloride. Pentapotassium Pentetate was not mutagenic in an Ames test, with or without metabolic activation. The same material tested in Chinese hamster ovary cells was not clastogenic. Calcium Pentetate at 1.351 microg/ml produced a statistically significant increase in the number of sister-chromatid exchanges. Pentasodium Pentetate is nonirritating to moderately irritating, but not a sensitizer in clinical tests. A human comedogenicity (acne promotion) test using Pentasodium Pentetate found no effect. Although data are lacking on the dermal penetration of these two ingredients, other chelating agents such as EDTA do not penetrate the skin, so it is likely that Pentasodium Pentetate and Pentetic Acid also would not penetrate. The high water solubility of Pentasodium Pentetate and the low water solubility of Pentetic Acid also support that their dermal penetration will be low. Other chelating agents, including EDTA and its salts, have been determined to be safe in the current practices of use in cosmetics. Meta-, Tri-, and Hexametaphosphate salts are chelating agents determined to be safe in the current practices of use in cosmetics. Metasilicate salts were found to be safe as chelating agents in cosmetics when formulated to avoid irritation. Overall, these data were considered sufficient to support the safety of Pentesodium Pentetate and Pentetic Acid as used in cosmetics.
Topics: Animals; Cosmetics; Female; Humans; Male; Molecular Structure; Mutagenicity Tests; Pentetic Acid; Skin; Teratogens
PubMed: 18830865
DOI: 10.1080/10915810802244546 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Feb 1979The synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of a series of partially esterified derivatives of pentetic (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic) acid are...
The synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of a series of partially esterified derivatives of pentetic (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic) acid are reported. These compounds were prepared in an attempt to promote increased decorporation of insoluble colloidal forms of plutonium, which are removed by pentetic acid alone. The dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, dioctyl, monoethyl esters were synthesized by reaction of the appropriate alcohol with the dianhydride of pentetic acid. These esters were injected intravenously into mice as their calcium chelates in saline. None of the esters was effective in removing plutonium from the liver. All esters removed approximately 20% of the plutonium in the skeleton. However, when the esters were given together with pentetic acid, only the dioctyl ester showed enhanced removal of plutonium compared to pentetic acid alone. The small increase in effectiveness and the increased acute toxicity make these esters of limited practical interest in plutonium decorporation therapy.
Topics: Animals; Body Burden; Bone and Bones; Esters; Female; Liver; Mice; Pentetic Acid; Plutonium; Polymers
PubMed: 423090
DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600680219 -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... Sep 2023The therapeutic effects and application of radiotherapy are restricted to some extent due to low radiosensitivity of tumor tissues and adverse effects by excess dosage....
The therapeutic effects and application of radiotherapy are restricted to some extent due to low radiosensitivity of tumor tissues and adverse effects by excess dosage. Current radiosensitizers are confronted with problems in clinical translation because of complicated manufacture technique and high cost. In this research, we have synthesized a radiosensitizer with advantages in low cost and mass production, which could be applied to CT imaging and enhanced radiotherapy in breast cancer, namely Bi-DTPA. It not only enhanced tumor CT imaging which resulted in better therapeutic accuracy, but also realized radiotherapy sensitization by producing massive ROS and inhibit tumor proliferation, providing a sound perspective in the clinical translation of the radiosensitizer.
Topics: Humans; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; Radiation Tolerance; Neoplasms; Pentetic Acid; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 37302294
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.065 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Aug 2018Aminocarboxylic acid (ethylenediamine-based) chelating agents, such as DTPA and EDTA, are widely used in a variety of products and processes. Recently the European RAC... (Review)
Review
Aminocarboxylic acid (ethylenediamine-based) chelating agents, such as DTPA and EDTA, are widely used in a variety of products and processes. Recently the European RAC proposed to classify DTPA as a developmental toxicant Category 1B according to CLP. This paper provides unequivocal and significant evidence that developmental effects cannot be considered an intrinsic property of the chelating substances themselves since: (1) animals fed a zinc deficient diet during gestation exhibit developmental toxicity of a similar nature and severity to that observed in studies involving such chelates, (2) sufficient supplementation of zinc in the diet, or administration of zinc bound chelates, completely negates the developmental effects. Moreover, the bioavailability of DTPA is very low with >95% of oral doses excreted unchanged via the feces within 24 h. If DTPA would possess the intrinsic property to be developmentally toxic, simple zinc supplementation should not be sufficient to negate these effects. Furthermore, the relevance of classification is highly questionable since worker or consumer exposure could not lead to a scenario whereby sufficient zinc deficiency would manifest itself. Therefore classification of DTPA for such effects is not protective of human health; instead it leads to onerous and disproportionate restrictions being placed on this substance.
Topics: Animals; Chelating Agents; Humans; Pentetic Acid; Zinc
PubMed: 29964121
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.019 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Sep 2016Gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is a unique hepatocyte-specific contrast agent approved for clinical use in the United States in... (Review)
Review
Gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is a unique hepatocyte-specific contrast agent approved for clinical use in the United States in 2008. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR has shown to improve detection and characterization of hepatic lesions. Gd-EOB-DTPA is now being routinely used in daily clinical practice worldwide. Therefore, it is important for radiologists to be familiar with the potential uses and pitfalls of Gd-EOB-DTPA, which extends beyond the assessment of focal hepatic lesions. The purpose of this article is to review the various usages of Gd-EOB-DTPA in hepatobiliary MR imaging.
Topics: Bile Duct Diseases; Contrast Media; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pentetic Acid
PubMed: 27225503
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-016-0767-y -
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... 1997Three major models (from Tofts, Larsson, and Brix) for collecting and analyzing dynamic MRI gadolinium-diethylene-triamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) data are examined.... (Review)
Review
Three major models (from Tofts, Larsson, and Brix) for collecting and analyzing dynamic MRI gadolinium-diethylene-triamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) data are examined. All models use compartments representing the blood plasma and the abnormal extravascular extracellular space (EES), and they are intercompatible. All measure combinations of three parameters; (1) kPSp is the influx volume transfer constant (min-1), or permeability surface area product per unit volume of tissue, between plasma and EES; (2) ve is the volume of EES space per unit volume of tissue (0 < ve < 1); and (3) K(ep), the efflux rate constant (min-1), is the ratio of the first two parameters (k(ep) = kPSp/ve). The ratio K(ep) is the simplest to measure, requiring only signal linearity with Gd tracer concentration or, alternatively, a measurement of T1 before injection of Gd (T10). To measure the physiologic parameters kPSp and ve separately requires knowledge of T10 and of the tissue relaxivity R1 (approximately in vitro value).
Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Extracellular Space; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Biological; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid; Permeability; Radioactive Tracers; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 9039598
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1880070113 -
Nuclear Medicine Communications Mar 1984
Topics: Drug Stability; Pentetic Acid; Technetium; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate
PubMed: 6397704
DOI: 10.1097/00006231-198403000-00010 -
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Aug 2012The accidental or intentional release of plutonium or americium can cause acute and long term adverse health effects if they enter the human body by ingestion,... (Review)
Review
The accidental or intentional release of plutonium or americium can cause acute and long term adverse health effects if they enter the human body by ingestion, inhalation, or injection. These effects can be prevented by rapid removal of these radionuclides by chelators such as calcium or zinc diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (calcium or zinc DTPA). These compounds have been shown to be efficacious in enhancing the elimination of members of the actinide family particularly plutonium and americium when administered intravenously or by nebulizer. The efficacy and adverse effects profile depend on several factors that include the route of internalization of the actinide, the type, and route time of administration of the chelator, and whether the calcium or zinc salt of DTPA is used. Current and future research efforts should be directed at overcoming limitations associated with the use of these complex drugs by using innovative methods that can enhance their structural and therapeutic properties.
Topics: Americium; Animals; Chelating Agents; Humans; Molecular Structure; Pentetic Acid; Plutonium; Radiation Injuries
PubMed: 22352730
DOI: 10.2174/138920112802273308 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... May 1995Attempts to optimize the quality of magnetic resonance images must balance the competing needs for high spatial resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio, a large number of... (Review)
Review
Attempts to optimize the quality of magnetic resonance images must balance the competing needs for high spatial resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio, a large number of sections, and a reasonable imaging time. These factors, which determine the ultimate image quality, are affected by a number of variables, including the field of view, the matrix and pixel size, choice of repetition time and echo time, section thickness, and the number of signals averaged. The manner in which these variables interrelate and their effect on the ultimate image quality are important in order to craft the most appropriate examination for each individual patient. A second major effect on soft-tissue contrast is the use of paramagnetic agents. The spectrum of utility of these agents within the central nervous system and the body is increasing. A large number of new agents are also being investigated, primarily for use outside the central nervous system.
Topics: Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid
PubMed: 7624572
DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.15.3.7624572 -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of... Feb 1996To use currently available gadolinium chelates most effectively, the liver should be imaged repetitively after contrast agent injection during hepatic arterial, portal... (Review)
Review
To use currently available gadolinium chelates most effectively, the liver should be imaged repetitively after contrast agent injection during hepatic arterial, portal vein, and delayed phases. Metastases usually demonstrate early as transient enhancement, which is often rim-shaped. Cavernous hemangiomas, however, demonstrate gradual clump-by-clump enhancement. Detection of hepatocellular carcinomas can be improved by use of dynamic scanning techniques. These and other principles of the use of currently available gadolinium chelates are reviewed in this article.
Topics: Contrast Media; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Liver Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid
PubMed: 8673715
DOI: No ID Found