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Journal of Dental Research Feb 2014The bone-regenerative potentials of the periosteum have been explored as early as the 17th century. Over the past few years, however, much has been discovered in terms... (Review)
Review
The bone-regenerative potentials of the periosteum have been explored as early as the 17th century. Over the past few years, however, much has been discovered in terms of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control the periosteal contribution to bone regeneration. Lineage tracing analyses and knock-in transgenic mice have helped define the relative contributions of the periosteum and endosteum to bone regeneration. Additional studies have shed light on the critical roles that BMP, FGF, Hedgehog, Notch, PDGF, Wnt, and inflammation signaling have or may have in periosteal-mediated bone regeneration, fostering the path to novel approaches in bone-regenerative therapy. Thus, by examining the role that each pathway has in periosteal-mediated bone regeneration, in this review we analyze the status of the current research on the regenerative potential of the periosteum. The provided analysis aims to inform both clinician-scientists who may have interest in the current studies about the biology of the periosteum as well as dental surgeons who may find this review useful to perform periosteal-harnessing bone-regenerative procedures.
Topics: Animals; Biology; Bone Regeneration; Cell Lineage; Facial Bones; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Periosteum; Signal Transduction; Skull; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 24088412
DOI: 10.1177/0022034513506445 -
Skeletal Radiology Mar 2015The periosteum covers most bone structures. It has an outer fibrous layer and an inner cambial layer that exhibits osteogenic activity. The periosteum is a dynamic... (Review)
Review
The periosteum covers most bone structures. It has an outer fibrous layer and an inner cambial layer that exhibits osteogenic activity. The periosteum is a dynamic structure that plays a major role in bone modeling and remodeling under normal conditions. In several disorders such as infections, benign and malignant tumors, and systemic diseases, the osteogenic potential of the periosteum is stimulated and new bone is produced. The newly formed bone added onto the surface of the cortex adopts various configurations depending on the modalities and pace of bone production. Our aim here is to describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the periosteum and to review the various patterns of periosteal reaction with emphasis on relations between radiological and histopathological findings. A careful evaluation of the periosteal reaction and appearance of the underlying cortex, in combination with the MRI, clinical, and laboratory data, provides valuable information on lesion duration and aggressiveness, thereby assisting in the etiological diagnosis and optimizing patient management. A solid reaction strongly suggests a benign and slow-growing process that gives the bone enough time to wall off the lesion. Single lamellar reactions occur in acute and usually benign diseases. Multilamellar reactions are associated with intermediate aggressiveness and a growth rate close to the limit of the walling-off capabilities of the bone. Spiculated, interrupted, and complex combined reactions carry the worst prognosis, as they occur in the most aggressive and fast-growing diseases: the periosteum attempts to create new bone but is overwhelmed and may be breached.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Periosteum; Periostitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 25269751
DOI: 10.1007/s00256-014-1976-5 -
Osteoporosis International : a Journal... Feb 2007
Review
Topics: Adult; Aging; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Female; Humans; Male; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Periosteum; Sex Factors
PubMed: 17180552
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0296-6 -
Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B Apr 1997The periosteum is an important factor for bone healing in children and plays a vital role for bone remodeling throughout life. Its intimate relation with the growth... (Review)
Review
The periosteum is an important factor for bone healing in children and plays a vital role for bone remodeling throughout life. Its intimate relation with the growth plate might influence overgrowth in children and correction of angular deformities. However, more research is warranted to illuminate its exact function.
Topics: Bony Callus; Child; Femoral Fractures; Fracture Healing; Humans; Periosteum
PubMed: 9165436
DOI: No ID Found -
Bone Nov 2004Periosteum contains osteogenic cells that regulate the outer shape of bone and work in coordination with inner cortical endosteum to regulate cortical thickness and the... (Review)
Review
Periosteum contains osteogenic cells that regulate the outer shape of bone and work in coordination with inner cortical endosteum to regulate cortical thickness and the size and position of a bone in space. Induction of periosteal expansion, especially at sites such as the lumbar spine and femoral neck, reduces fracture risk by modifying bone dimensions to increase bone strength. The cell and molecular mechanisms that selectively and specifically activate periosteal expansion, as well as the mechanisms by which osteoporosis drugs regulate periosteum, remain poorly understood. We speculate that an alternate strategy to protect human bones from fracture may be through targeting of the periosteum, either using current or novel agents. In this review, we highlight current concepts of periosteal cell biology, including their apparent differences from endosteal osteogenic cells, discuss the limited data regarding how the periosteal surface is regulated by currently approved osteoporosis drugs, and suggest one potential means through which targeting periosteum may be achieved. Improving our understanding of mechanisms controlling periosteal expansion will likely provide insights necessary to enhance current and develop novel interventions to further reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Humans; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Periosteum
PubMed: 15542024
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.07.014 -
Injury Oct 2007The periosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints (which are protected by articular cartilage).... (Review)
Review
The periosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints (which are protected by articular cartilage). As opposed to bone itself, it has nociceptive nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment in the form of blood supply to the bone. The periosteum is connected to the bone by strong collagenous fibres called Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae of bone. The periosteum consists of an outer "fibrous layer" and inner "cambium layer". The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells which develop into osteoblasts that are responsible for increasing bone width. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts which are essential to the healing process. This review discusses the anatomy, histology and molecular biology of the periosteum in detail.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Blood Circulation; Bone Resorption; Child; Chondrocytes; Female; Fibroblasts; Humans; Male; Microcirculation; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Periosteum; Puberty; Sheep
PubMed: 17889870
DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2007.05.017 -
ELife Feb 2021The periosteum is the major source of cells involved in fracture healing. We sought to characterize progenitor cells and their contribution to bone fracture healing. The...
The periosteum is the major source of cells involved in fracture healing. We sought to characterize progenitor cells and their contribution to bone fracture healing. The periosteum is highly enriched with progenitor cells, including Sca1 cells, fibroblast colony-forming units, and label-retaining cells compared to the endosteum and bone marrow. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrate that alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) identifies long-term, slow-cycling, self-renewing osteochondroprogenitors in the adult periosteum that are functionally important for bone formation during fracture healing. In addition, Col2.3CreER-labeled osteoblast cells contribute around 10% of osteoblasts but no chondrocytes in fracture calluses. Most periosteal osteochondroprogenitors following fracture can be targeted by αSMACreER. Previously identified skeletal stem cell populations were common in periosteum but contained high proportions of mature osteoblasts. We have demonstrated that the periosteum is highly enriched with skeletal progenitor cells, and there is heterogeneity in the populations of cells that contribute to mature lineages during periosteal fracture healing.
Topics: Animals; Female; Fracture Healing; Male; Mice; Osteogenesis; Periosteum
PubMed: 33560227
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.58534 -
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related... Apr 1989Normal periosteum is an osteoprogenitor cell-containing bone envelope, which can be activated to proliferate by trauma, retroviruses, tumors, and lymphocyte mitogens.... (Review)
Review
Normal periosteum is an osteoprogenitor cell-containing bone envelope, which can be activated to proliferate by trauma, retroviruses, tumors, and lymphocyte mitogens. Activated periosteum produces cartilage and bone, and is colonized by bone-resorbing cells. The osteogenic activity of periosteum is maintained in heterotopic sites and in vitro. Ectopic bone, however, is colonized by bone marrow precursor cells but does not develop a true periosteum. The absence of true periosteal envelope in the heterotopically induced bone may be the major, if not the only, difference between heterotopic and orthotopic bone deposits.
Topics: Animals; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Osteogenesis; Periosteum; Stem Cells
PubMed: 2647335
DOI: No ID Found -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Feb 2018Cell-mediated mineralization is essential for bone formation and regeneration. In this study, it is proven that extracellular matrix (ECM) of decellularized periosteum...
Cell-mediated mineralization is essential for bone formation and regeneration. In this study, it is proven that extracellular matrix (ECM) of decellularized periosteum can play an initiative and independent role in bone-like apatite formation. Using decellularized periosteum scaffold, it is revealed that ECM scaffold itself can promote critical bone defect regeneration and nude mouse ectopic ossification. The natural collagen matrix of decellularized periosteum can serve as a 3D structural template for Ca-P nuclei initiation, controlling the size and orientation of bone-like mineral crystals. The naturally cross-linked and highly ordered 3D fibrillar network of decellularized periosteum not only provides a model for mimicking mineralization in vitro and in vivo to elucidate the important functions of ECM in bone formation and regeneration, but also can be a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering and clinical application.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone Regeneration; Bone Substitutes; Calcification, Physiologic; Collagen Type I; Extracellular Matrix; Mice; Mice, Nude; Periosteum; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 29266835
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700660 -
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related... Oct 2001Periosteum, which can be grown in cell and whole tissue cultures, may meet one or more of the three prerequisites for tissue engineered cartilage repair. Periosteum... (Review)
Review
Periosteum, which can be grown in cell and whole tissue cultures, may meet one or more of the three prerequisites for tissue engineered cartilage repair. Periosteum contains pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells with the potential to form either cartilage or bone. Because it can be transplanted as a whole tissue, it can serve as its own scaffold or a matrix onto which other cells and/or growth factors can be adhered. Finally, it produces bioactive factors that are known to be chondrogenic. The chondrocyte precursor cells reside in the cambium layer. These vary in total density and volume with age and in different donor sites. The advantages of whole tissue periosteal transplants for cartilage repair include the fact that this tissue meets the three primary requirements for tissue engineering: a source of cells, a scaffold for delivering and retaining them, and a source of local growth factors. Many growth factors that regulate chondrocytes and cartilage development are synthesized by periosteum in conditions conducive to chondrogenesis. These include transforming growth factor-beta 1, insulinlike growth factor-1, growth and differentiation factor-5, bone morphogenetic protein-2, integrins, and the receptors for these molecules. By additional study of the molecular events in periosteal chondrogenesis, it may be possible to optimize its capacity for articular cartilage repair.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Cartilage; Cell Count; Cell Division; Chondrocytes; Chondrogenesis; Collagen Type II; Forecasting; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Periosteum; Pressure; RNA, Messenger; Regeneration; Time Factors; Tissue Engineering; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 11603704
DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200110001-00019