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International Orthopaedics Mar 2012Tendon-bone healing is a progressive and complex pathophysiological process after tendon graft transplantation into a bone tunnel. A fibrous scar tissue layer forms at... (Review)
Review
Tendon-bone healing is a progressive and complex pathophysiological process after tendon graft transplantation into a bone tunnel. A fibrous scar tissue layer forms at the graft-bone interface, which means a weak bonding of the graft in the bone tunnel. Periosteum, a favourable autologous tissue, was confirmed to be effective in promoting tendon-bone healing in the human body. The advantages of a periosteum patch for tendon-bone repair include the fact that this tissue meets the three primary requirements for tissue engineering: a source of progenitor cells, a scaffold for recruiting cells and growth factors, and a source of local growth factors. Furthermore, the periosteum can prevent graft micromotion, alleviate inflammation and deter bone resorption. In this review, we highlight the role of progenitor cells in the periosteum, which contribute to the regeneration of new bone and/or fibrocartilage at the tendon-bone interface. In summary, the periosteum has shown significant potential for use in the enhancement of graft-bone healing. Our investigations may provoke further studies on the management of allograft-bone healing and artificial ligament graft healing using a periosteum patch in future.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Regeneration; Humans; Osteotomy; Periosteum; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells; Tendons; Tensile Strength; Tissue Engineering; Transplantation, Autologous; Wound Healing
PubMed: 22009448
DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1346-z -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Apr 2013The periosteum, a thin, fibrous tissue layer covering most bones, resides in a dynamic, mechanically loaded environment. The periosteum also provides a niche for... (Review)
Review
The periosteum, a thin, fibrous tissue layer covering most bones, resides in a dynamic, mechanically loaded environment. The periosteum also provides a niche for mesenchymal stem cells. The mechanics of periosteum vary greatly between species and anatomical locations, indicating the specialized role of periosteum as bone's bounding membrane. Furthermore, periosteum exhibits stress-state-dependent mechanical and material properties, hallmarks of a smart material. This review discusses what is known about the multiscale mechanical and material properties of the periosteum as well as their potential effect on the mechanosensitive progenitor cells within the tissue. Furthermore, this review addresses open questions and barriers to understanding periosteum's multiscale structure-function relationships. Knowledge of the smart material properties of the periosteum will maximize the translation of periosteum and substitute periosteum to regenerative medicine, facilitate the development of biomimetic tissue-engineered periosteum for use in instances where the native periosteum is lacking or damaged, and provide inspiration for a new class of smart, advanced materials.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Periosteum; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 23189933
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2012.0216 -
Injury Nov 2005The presence of pluripotential mesenchymal cells in the under surface of the periosteum in combination with growth factors regularly produced or released after injury,... (Review)
Review
The presence of pluripotential mesenchymal cells in the under surface of the periosteum in combination with growth factors regularly produced or released after injury, provide this unique tissue with an important role in the healing of bone and cartilage. The periosteum contributes in the secondary callus formation with cells and growth factors and should always be preserved and protected when surgery is performed for the management of a fracture. The current evidence about the cellular interactions, the stimulants and the signalling pathways related to osteogenesis and chondrogenesis is described. An essential knowledge of the basics related to the contribution of the periosteum in the healing of fractures, osteotomies, during the process of distraction osteogenesis and in some degree in the repair of cartilagenous defects, provides the surgeons with a better insight to understand the upcoming "biological" interventions in the management of skeletal injuries.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Chondrogenesis; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Osteogenesis; Periosteum
PubMed: 16188544
DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2005.07.030 -
BMC Oral Health Oct 2022Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) is a widely-used clinical procedure that combines selective alveolar corticotomy, particulate bone grafting, and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Periosteum coverage versus collagen-membrane coverage in periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics: a randomized controlled clinical trial in Class II and Class III malocclusions.
BACKGROUND
Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) is a widely-used clinical procedure that combines selective alveolar corticotomy, particulate bone grafting, and the application of orthodontic forces. Different modifications of PAOO such as collagen-membrane coverage can better benefit patients from preventing displacement of grafts. Due to its stability, collagen-membrane coverage gradually gained popularity and became a widely-used procedure in traditional PAOO technique.
OBJECTIVES
To quantitatively investigate the radiographic changes of alveolar bone, periodontal soft tissue changes of the mandibular anterior teeth and postoperative complications in periosteum-covered techniques compared with traditional surgical technique in PAOO.
METHODS
Orthodontic camouflage for dental Class II or decompensation for skeletal Class III malocclusions were included; Patients with bone defects on the buccal aspects of the anterior mandible regions confirmed by clinical and radiographic examination were randomly divided into the periosteum coverage group or traditional technique group for PAOO. Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scans were obtained before treatment (T0) and 1 week (T1) and 12 months (T2) after operation. The primary outcome variable was the vertical alveolar bone level (VBL), the secondary evaluation parameters included labial horizontal bone thickness at the midpoint of the middle third (MHBT) or apical third (AHBT) to the limit of the labial cortical surface during a 12-month follow-up. Postoperative sequelae were evaluated after 2 days and 7 days in both the groups. Periodontal parameters were analyzed at T0 and T2.
RESULTS
Thirty-six adult subjects were eligible and recruited in the present study. Although experimental group exhibited more severe infection, no significant differences of the postoperative symptoms or periodontal parameters was found between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). All patients were examined respectively using CBCT at baseline (T0), postoperative 1 week (T1) and 12 months (T2). Both alveolar bone height and width increased from T0 to T1 (P < 0.001) and then reduced from T1 to T2 (P < 0.001) in both groups. However, significant bone augmentation was achieved in each group from T0 to T2 (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the vertical alveolar bone augmentation in the experimental group increased significantly than that in the traditional surgery (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Compared with traditional PAOO surgery, the periosteum-covered technique provides superior graft stabilization and satisfactory vertical bone augmentation in the labial mandibular anterior area.
Topics: Adult; Collagen; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Humans; Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Orthodontics; Periosteum
PubMed: 36209217
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02477-8 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Mar 2013The periosteum serves as bone's bounding membrane, exhibits hallmarks of semipermeable epithelial barrier membranes, and contains mechanically sensitive progenitor cells...
The periosteum serves as bone's bounding membrane, exhibits hallmarks of semipermeable epithelial barrier membranes, and contains mechanically sensitive progenitor cells capable of generating bone. The current paucity of data regarding the periosteum's permeability and bidirectional transport properties provided the impetus for the current study. In ovine femur and tibia samples, the periosteum's hydraulic permeability coefficient, k, was calculated using Darcy's Law and a custom-designed permeability tester to apply controlled, volumetric flow of phosphate-buffered saline through periosteum samples. Based on these data, ovine periosteum demonstrates mechanically responsive and directionally dependent (anisotropic) permeability properties. At baseline flow rates comparable to interstitial fluid flow (0.5 µL/s), permeability is low and does not exhibit anisotropy. In contrast, at high flow rates comparable to those prevailing during traumatic injury, femoral periosteum exhibits an order of magnitude higher permeability compared to baseline flow rates. In addition, at high flow rates permeability exhibits significant directional dependence, with permeability higher in the bone to muscle direction than vice versa. Furthermore, compared to periosteum in which the intrinsic tension (pre-stress) is maintained, free relaxation of the tibial periosteum after resection significantly increases its permeability in both flow directions. Hence, the structure and mechanical stress state of periosteum influences its role as bone's bounding membrane. During periods of homeostasis, periosteum may serve as a barrier membrane on the outer surface of bone, allowing for equal albeit low quiescent molecular communication between tissue compartments including bone and muscle. In contrast, increases in pressure and baseline flow rates within the periosteum resulting from injury, trauma, and/or disease may result in a significant increase in periosteum permeability and consequently in increased molecular communication between tissue compartments. Elucidation of the periosteum's permeability properties is key to understanding periosteal mechanobiology in bone health and healing, as well as to elucidate periosteum structure and function as a smart biomaterial that allows bidirectional and mechanically responsive fluid transport.
Topics: Animals; Female; Periosteum; Permeability; Sheep
PubMed: 23018813
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1777 -
Cells Jun 2023Periosteum is a highly vascularized membrane lining the surface of bones. It plays essential roles in bone repair following injury and reconstruction following invasive...
Periosteum is a highly vascularized membrane lining the surface of bones. It plays essential roles in bone repair following injury and reconstruction following invasive surgeries. To broaden the use of periosteum, including for augmenting in vitro bone engineering and/or in vivo bone repair, we have developed an ex vivo perfusion bioreactor system to maintain the cellular viability and metabolism of surgically resected periosteal flaps. Each specimen was placed in a 3D printed bioreactor connected to a peristaltic pump designed for the optimal flow rates of tissue perfusate. Nutrients and oxygen were perfused via the periosteal arteries to mimic physiological conditions. Biochemical assays and histological staining indicate component cell viability after perfusion for almost 4 weeks. Our work provides the proof-of-concept of ex vivo periosteum perfusion for long-term tissue preservation, paving the way for innovative bone engineering approaches that use autotransplanted periosteum to enhance in vivo bone repair.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Periosteum; Tissue Engineering; Surgical Flaps; Perfusion; Bioreactors
PubMed: 37443758
DOI: 10.3390/cells12131724 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Dec 2016In addition to conveying the forces of attaching muscles and ligaments to the zygomatic and temporal bones, the arch periosteum is responsible for lateral apposition and...
In addition to conveying the forces of attaching muscles and ligaments to the zygomatic and temporal bones, the arch periosteum is responsible for lateral apposition and medial resorption during the growth period. In this contribution, we describe the vasculature of the zygomatic arch in young pigs (Sus scrofa dom.) in order to understand the relationship of osseous and periosteal vessels to each other, to surrounding tissues, and to patterns of modeling. Subjects 2-6 weeks of age were perfused with vascular fill; some also received the vital bone label calcein. Whole mounts were prepared of the decalcified bony arch and of its lateral periosteum. Undecalcified arches were plastic-embedded and thick-sectioned. Additional observations on cell replication were made using material from a previous study. The osseous and periosteal vascular supplies were largely independent, joined only by a fine network at the tissue interface. Osseous vessels entered the medial side of the arch through clusters of nutrient foramina. The intraosseous branching pattern resembled the direction of appositional growth, which in turn describes the disposition of bony trabeculae in older pigs. In contrast, vessels arrived at the periosteum via muscles and ligaments and thus its perfusion may partially depend on functional activity. The open weave of periosteal vessels bore little similarity to bone architecture, especially for the temporal bone, but the appositional lateral periosteum showed indications of angiogenesis, whereas the thinner, resorptive periosteum on the medial side featured composite, possibly fusing vessels at the bone surface. Anat Rec, 299:1661-1670, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Animals; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Periosteum; Sus scrofa; Zygoma
PubMed: 27870350
DOI: 10.1002/ar.23482 -
European Surgical Research. Europaische... 1983A controlled experiment was performed in 56 African pygmy goats, analyzing the bone-forming capacity of two different revascularized periosteum grafts in midshaft tibial...
A controlled experiment was performed in 56 African pygmy goats, analyzing the bone-forming capacity of two different revascularized periosteum grafts in midshaft tibial defects. At radiological examination revascularized tibial periosteum grafts firmly bridged the defect within 8 weeks, revascularized costal periosteum grafts did not.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Female; Goats; Periosteum; Ribs; Tibia
PubMed: 6852075
DOI: 10.1159/000128341 -
PloS One 2018Mandibular distraction is a surgical process that progressively lengthens bone. To improve the distraction procedure and devices, the load of distraction and the...
Mandibular distraction is a surgical process that progressively lengthens bone. To improve the distraction procedure and devices, the load of distraction and the mechanical strain of soft tissues during the process must be determined. We tested the assumption that it could be the periosteum primarily opposing distraction. Therefore we assessed the mechanical properties of the human mandibular periosteum and compared the stress-strain data with the torque measured on the activator during a cadaveric mandibular distraction. A 20 mm horizontal mandibular distraction was performed in 7 cadavers using standard distractors. Torque was measured with a torquemeter placed on the activation rods of the devices, providing a load (Lt) for each millimeter of distraction. In parallel, 18 periosteum samples were harvested from 9 cadaver mandibles. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on the specimens and an estimated load (Lc) was calculated using periosteal stress-strain data and mandibular dimensions. During the distraction process, we observed an increase of the load Lt from 11.6 to 50.6 N. The periosteum exhibited a nonlinear viscoelastic stress-strain relationship, typical of biological tissues composed of collagen and elastin. The median Lc and Lt were not significantly different for the first millimeter of distraction. We demonstrated the periosteum is primarily responsible for opposing the distraction load.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Periosteum; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 29953443
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199116 -
Korean Journal of Radiology May 2021To evaluate the signal intensity of the periosteum using ultrashort echo time pulse sequence with three-dimensional cone trajectory (3D UTE) with or without fat...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the signal intensity of the periosteum using ultrashort echo time pulse sequence with three-dimensional cone trajectory (3D UTE) with or without fat suppression (FS) to distinguish from artifacts in porcine tibias.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The periosteum and overlying soft tissue of three porcine lower legs were partially peeled away from the tibial cortex. Another porcine tibia was prepared as three segments: with an intact periosteum outer and inner layer, with an intact periosteum inner layer, and without periosteum. Axial T1 weighted sequence (T1 WI) and 3D UTE (FS) were performed. Another porcine tibia without periosteum was prepared and subjected to 3D UTE (FS) and T1 WI twice, with positional changes. Two radiologists analyzed images to reach a consensus.
RESULTS
The three periosteal tissues that were partially peeled away from the cortex showed a high signal in 3D UTE (FS) and low signal on T1 WI. 3D UTE (FS) showed a high signal around the cortical surface with an intact outer and inner periosteum, and subtle high signals, mainly around the upper cortical surfaces with the inner layer of the periosteum and without periosteum. T1 WI showed no signal around the cortical surfaces, regardless of the periosteum state. The porcine tibia without periosteum showed changes in the high signal area around the cortical surface as the position changed in 3D UTE (FS). No signal was detected around the cortical surface in T1 WI, regardless of the position change.
CONCLUSION
The periosteum showed a high signal in 3D UTE and 3D UTE FS that overlapped with artifacts around the cortical bone.
Topics: Animals; Artifacts; Cortical Bone; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Animal; Periosteum; Swine; Tibia
PubMed: 33660460
DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2020.0640