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Behavioural Brain Research Jan 2019Increased perseveration is associated with aging and leads to an impaired ability to cope with problems. Aging is also associated with progressing dysfunction of the...
Increased perseveration is associated with aging and leads to an impaired ability to cope with problems. Aging is also associated with progressing dysfunction of the cholinergic system which is involved in the regulation of various cognitive processes. Therefore, we tested an effect of an anticholinergic drug on the level of perseveration in mice subjected to the detour test. The subjects tested on this task are expected to disengage from visually guided behavior and to move around a transparent barrier instead of traveling to the target directly along the line of sight. The failure to inhibit prepotent motivational drive leads to perseveration during the task. Our experiment showed that scopolamine increased perseveration in mice and this finding points to the involvement of muscarinic receptors in the control of perseveration. This study also shows that a mouse detour task is a suitable model for detecting the effect of anticholinergic drugs on perseveration in contrast to the previously applied tests.
Topics: Animals; Cognition; Locomotion; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motivation; Problem Solving; Receptors, Muscarinic; Scopolamine
PubMed: 30071270
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.028 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2015Palinacousis is derived from the Greek words palin, which means again or anew, and acousis, meaning hearing. It was first described by Jacobs et al. (1971), who defined... (Review)
Review
Palinacousis is derived from the Greek words palin, which means again or anew, and acousis, meaning hearing. It was first described by Jacobs et al. (1971), who defined the phenomenon as "an auditory illusion of perseveration or persistence of sound impressions for seconds, minutes, or hours after the cessation of auditory stimulation." The auditory perseveration does not occur spontaneously but is triggered by something in the environment. A limited number of cases have been described in the literature. This chapter describes the anatomic abnormalities that may cause this phenomenon, the clinical characteristics that define palinacousis, differential diagnosis and potential etiologies.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Auditory Pathways; Auditory Perceptual Disorders; History, 18th Century; Humans; Illusions
PubMed: 25726284
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00025-1 -
Developmental Psychobiology Jan 2019This study presents an empirical test and dynamic model of perseverative limb selection in children of 14-, 24-, and 36-months old (N = 66 in total). In the...
This study presents an empirical test and dynamic model of perseverative limb selection in children of 14-, 24-, and 36-months old (N = 66 in total). In the experiment, children repeatedly grasped a spoon with a single hand. In two separate conditions, the spoon was presented either four times on their right side or four times on their left side. In both conditions, following this training, the spoon was presented on midline for two more trials. This setup enabled us to determine whether children's limb selection was influenced by their prior choices in the task (i.e., perseveration). Individual children's handedness was determined in a third condition consisting of nine object presentations (laterally or on midline). A dynamic model for limb selection is presented combining external input, motor memory, and preferences. The model was used to simulate the experiment and reproduced the results, including the age-related changes.
Topics: Child Development; Child, Preschool; Choice Behavior; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Infant; Male; Models, Psychological; Motor Activity; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 30221346
DOI: 10.1002/dev.21776 -
Personality Disorders Jan 2020This study aimed to extend previously reported links between distinctive configurations of traits in the psychopathic personality and maladaptive response perseveration,...
This study aimed to extend previously reported links between distinctive configurations of traits in the psychopathic personality and maladaptive response perseveration, by examining performance in the Card Perseveration Task (CPT) within the framework of the triarchic model of psychopathy in a mixed-gender undergraduate sample. A computerized version of the CPT was administered to 222 undergraduates (142 women) assessed for triarchic psychopathy dimensions using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Maladaptive response perseveration (more cards played and less money earned) was uniquely associated with trait boldness scores for both women and men. Moreover, analyses of response times following feedback indicated that poor performance on the CPT was related to lack of overall reflection. Further mediation analyses did not reveal significant effects of trait boldness on the response perseveration deficit through reflection times. Our results provide new evidence for the role of trait boldness in the failure to suspend reward-approach behavior in the face of increasing punishment contingencies, probably due to an absence of fear or insensitivity to punishment cues rather than to an unreflective response style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Executive Function; Fear; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Psychological; Psychomotor Performance; Punishment; Reward; Students; Universities; Young Adult
PubMed: 31621363
DOI: 10.1037/per0000371 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... May 2024Extinction learning is an essential form of cognitive flexibility, which enables obsolete reward associations to be discarded. Its downregulation can lead to...
Extinction learning is an essential form of cognitive flexibility, which enables obsolete reward associations to be discarded. Its downregulation can lead to perseveration, a symptom seen in several neuropsychiatric disorders. This balance is regulated by dopamine from VTA (ventral tegmental area dopamine) neurons, which in turn are largely controlled by GABA (gamma amino-butyric acid) synapses. However, the causal relationship of these circuit elements to extinction and perseveration remain incompletely understood. Here, we employ an innovative drug-targeting technology, DART (drug acutely restricted by tethering), to selectively block GABA receptors on VTA neurons as mice engage in Pavlovian learning. DART eliminated GABA -mediated pauses-brief decrements in VTA activity canonically thought to drive extinction learning. However, contrary to the hypothesis that blocking VTA pauses should eliminate extinction learning, we observed the opposite-accelerated extinction learning. Specifically, DART eliminated the naturally occurring perseveration seen in half of control mice. We saw no impact on Pavlovian conditioning, nor on other aspects of VTA neural firing. These findings challenge canonical theories, recasting GABA -mediated VTA pauses from presumed facilitators of extinction to drivers of perseveration. More broadly, this study showcases the merits of targeted synaptic pharmacology, while hinting at circuit interventions for pathological perseveration.
PubMed: 38766037
DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593320 -
Schizophrenia Research Jun 2003Perseveration and switching in positive and negative schizophrenic patients are usually seen as manifestations of attention disorders. They may be closely related to...
Perseveration and switching in positive and negative schizophrenic patients are usually seen as manifestations of attention disorders. They may be closely related to each other, but have not been investigated in an integrated fashion. Such integrated investigation could contribute to the neurophysiological understanding of the relationship between the regional and the pharmacological deficit in schizophrenia. This study has developed a new tool-the Combined Attention Test (CAT)-for the simultaneous measuring of perseveration and switching. Forty-one unmedicated schizophrenic patients were tested. Using the Positive and Negative Sorting Scale (PANSS), subjects were classified into the two experimental groups: positive and negative schizophrenics. The control group consisted of 24 healthy subjects. Schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms tended to switch more than schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms and normal subjects; schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms tended to perseverate more than schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms and normal subjects. Over-switching is discussed as a specific symptom related to positive schizophrenia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Color Perception; Delusions; Depression; Discrimination Learning; Female; Form Perception; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychomotor Performance; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Set, Psychology; Stereotyped Behavior
PubMed: 12729883
DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00323-7 -
Journal of Communication Disorders Jun 1976Despite the acceptance of perseveration as a characteristic sign of disturbed CNS functioning, objective data relative to its nature and occurrence are noticeably...
Despite the acceptance of perseveration as a characteristic sign of disturbed CNS functioning, objective data relative to its nature and occurrence are noticeably lacking. Data obtained in this study, not unexpectedly, indicate that perseverative responses occur more often in brain-injured than in normal subjects. The brain-injured subject most likely to evidence perseveration appeared to be one who (1) had suffered a CVA (2) less than 6 months ago that (3) resulted in aphasia. Two types of perseveration, repetitious and continuous, were noted in the responses of the brain-injured with higher incidences of the repetitious type occurring. It was felt that the behavioral definitions used to differentiate between repetitious and continuous perseveration allowed for reliable judgments between observers.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aphasia; Brain Damage, Chronic; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Communication; Female; Humans; Language Disorders; Male; Middle Aged; Psychological Tests
PubMed: 1002854
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9924(76)90006-x -
Monographs of the Society For Research... 2003According to the Cognitive Complexity and Control (CCC) theory, the development of executive function can be understood in terms of age-related increases in the maximum...
According to the Cognitive Complexity and Control (CCC) theory, the development of executive function can be understood in terms of age-related increases in the maximum complexity of the rules children can formulate and use when solving problems. This Monograph describes four studies (9 experiments) designed to test hypotheses derived from the CCC theory and from alternative theoretical perspectives on the development of executive function (memory accounts, inhibition accounts, and redescription accounts). Each study employed a version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS), in which children are required first to sort cards by one pair of rules (e.g., color rules: "If red then here, if blue then there"), and then sort the same cards by another, incompatible pair of rules (e.g., shape rules). Study 1 found that although most 3- to 4-year-olds failed the standard version of this task (i.e., they perseverated on the preswitch rules during the postswitch phase), they usually performed well when they were required to use four rules (including bidimensional rules) and those rules were not in conflict (i.e., they did not require children to respond in two different ways to the same test card). These findings indicate that children's perseveration cannot be attributed in a straightforward fashion to limitations in children's memory capacity. Study 2 examined the circumstances in which children can use conflicting rules. Three experiments demonstrated effects of rule dimensionality (uni- vs. bidimensional rules) but no effects of stimulus characteristics (1 vs. 2 test cards; spatially integrated vs. separated stimuli). Taken together, these studies suggest that conflict among rules is a key determinant of difficulty, but that conflict interacts with dimensionality. Study 3 examined what types of conflict pose problems for 3- to 4-year-olds by comparing performance on standard, Partial Change, and Total Change versions of the DCCS. Results revealed effects of conflict at the level of specific rules (e.g., "If red, then there"), rather than specific stimulus configurations or dimensions per se, indicating that activation of the preswitch rules persists into the postswitch phase. Study 4 examined whether negative priming also contributes to difficulty on the DCCS. Two experiments suggested that the active selection of preswitch rules against a competing alternative results in the lasting suppression of the alternative. Taken together, the results of these studies provide the basis for a revision of the CCC theory (CCC-r) that specifies more clearly the circumstances in which children will have difficulty using rules at various levels of complexity, provides a more detailed account of how to determine the complexity of rules required in a task, takes account of both the activation and inhibition of rules as a function of experience, and highlights the importance of taking intentionality seriously in the study of executive function.
Topics: Attention; Child, Preschool; Color Perception; Concept Formation; Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Neuropsychological Tests; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Set, Psychology
PubMed: 14723273
DOI: 10.1111/j.0037-976x.2003.00260.x -
Memory & Cognition May 2024Models of recognition memory often assume that decisions are made independently from each other. Yet there is growing evidence that consecutive recognition responses...
Models of recognition memory often assume that decisions are made independently from each other. Yet there is growing evidence that consecutive recognition responses show sequential dependencies, whereby making one response increases the probability of repeating that response from one trial to the next trial. Across six experiments, we replicated this response-related carryover effect using word and nonword stimuli and further demonstrated that the content of the previous trial-both perceptual and conceptual-can also bias the response to the current test probe, with both perceptual (orthographic) and conceptual (semantic) similarity boosting the probability of consecutive "old" responses. Finally, a manipulation of attentional engagement in Experiments 3a and 3b provided little evidence these carryover effects on recognition decisions are merely a product of lapses in attention. Taken together, the current study reinforces prior findings that recognition decisions are not made independently, and that multiple forms of information perseverate across consecutive trials.
PubMed: 38724882
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01582-z -
Behavioral Neuroscience Feb 2023Do we preferentially learn from outcomes that confirm our choices? In recent years, we investigated this question in a series of studies implementing increasingly...
Do we preferentially learn from outcomes that confirm our choices? In recent years, we investigated this question in a series of studies implementing increasingly complex behavioral protocols. The learning rates fitted in experiments featuring partial or complete feedback, as well as free and forced choices, were systematically found to be consistent with a choice-confirmation bias. One of the prominent behavioral consequences of the confirmatory learning rate pattern is choice hysteresis: that is, the tendency of repeating previous choices, despite contradictory evidence. However, choice-confirmatory pattern of learning rates may spuriously arise from not taking into consideration an explicit choice (gradual) perseveration term in the model. In the present study, we reanalyze data from four published papers (nine experiments; 363 subjects; 126,192 trials), originally included in the studies demonstrating or criticizing the choice-confirmation bias in human participants. We fitted two models: one featured valence-specific updates (i.e., different learning rates for confirmatory and disconfirmatory outcomes) and one additionally including gradual perseveration. Our analysis confirms that the inclusion of the gradual perseveration process in the model significantly reduces the estimated choice-confirmation bias. However, in all considered experiments, the choice-confirmation bias remains present at the meta-analytical level, and significantly different from zero in most experiments. Our results demonstrate that the choice-confirmation bias resists the inclusion of a gradual perseveration term, thus proving to be a robust feature of human reinforcement learning. We conclude by pointing to additional computational processes that may play an important role in estimating and interpreting the computational biases under scrutiny. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Reinforcement, Psychology; Feedback
PubMed: 36395020
DOI: 10.1037/bne0000541