-
International Journal of Psychology :... Dec 2017Men's and women's personalities appear to differ in several respects. Social role theories of development assume gender differences result primarily from perceived... (Review)
Review
Men's and women's personalities appear to differ in several respects. Social role theories of development assume gender differences result primarily from perceived gender roles, gender socialization and sociostructural power differentials. As a consequence, social role theorists expect gender differences in personality to be smaller in cultures with more gender egalitarianism. Several large cross-cultural studies have generated sufficient data for evaluating these global personality predictions. Empirically, evidence suggests gender differences in most aspects of personality-Big Five traits, Dark Triad traits, self-esteem, subjective well-being, depression and values-are conspicuously larger in cultures with more egalitarian gender roles, gender socialization and sociopolitical gender equity. Similar patterns are evident when examining objectively measured attributes such as tested cognitive abilities and physical traits such as height and blood pressure. Social role theory appears inadequate for explaining some of the observed cultural variations in men's and women's personalities. Evolutionary theories regarding ecologically-evoked gender differences are described that may prove more useful in explaining global variation in human personality.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Personality; Young Adult
PubMed: 27000535
DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12265 -
Annual Review of Psychology 2010The development of personality across the human life course may be observed from three different standpoints: the person as actor (behaving), agent (striving), and... (Review)
Review
The development of personality across the human life course may be observed from three different standpoints: the person as actor (behaving), agent (striving), and author (narrating). Evident even in infancy, broad differences in social action patterns foreshadow the long-term developmental elaboration of early temperament into adult dispositional traits. Research on personal strivings and other motivational constructs provides a second perspective on personality, one that becomes psychologically salient in childhood with the consolidation of an agentic self and the articulation of more-or-less stable goals. Layered over traits and goals, internalized life stories begin to emerge in adolescence and young adulthood, as the person authors a narrative identity to make meaning out of life. The review traces the development of traits, goals, and life stories from infancy through late adulthood and ends by considering their interplay at five developmental milestones: age 2, the transition to adolescence, emerging adulthood, midlife, and old age.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Child; Child, Preschool; Goals; Humans; Infant; Middle Aged; Personality; Personality Development; Self Concept; Social Behavior
PubMed: 19534589
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100507 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Personality is one of the most crucial aspects of human life, since it influences all human behaviours in both personal and social life, and might also trigger important... (Review)
Review
Personality is one of the most crucial aspects of human life, since it influences all human behaviours in both personal and social life, and might also trigger important conflicts with a person's surroundings in the setting of incompatible traits and characteristics. It is true that 'one must be born' for a certain medical specialty, but several components of personality might be educated with proper training. Increased levels of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness associated with lower levels of Neuroticism might represent the key combination for achieving professional satisfaction in the medical profession. Medical students should receive proper interprofessional education, since effective interprofessional relationships among healthcare providers definitely improve patients' safety. Empathy contributes to effective patient-physician communication, improving patient trust, compliance, and satisfaction, being positively correlated with Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Extraversion. Emotional intelligence-the capacity to respond to one's own and others' emotions-was proven to contribute, in a synergistic way with empathy, to increasing empathic ability. Clinical communication skills represent a key component in medical students in order to achieve the best patient care, and they are certainly related and/or influenced by empathy, interprofessional collaboration skills, emotional intelligence and, especially, personality traits. Taking into account the complex interactions mentioned above, the implementation of effective courses based on these concepts in medical students, intending to promote the development of clinical communication skills, represents a real emergency, since it might result in a reduction in medical errors and subsequent related deaths. A thorough understanding of students' personality is mandatory before designing these courses in order to provide a training tailored to their personality styles.
Topics: Emotional Intelligence; Empathy; Extraversion, Psychological; Humans; Personality; Students, Medical
PubMed: 34886548
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312822 -
PloS One 2023Urbanists have long been interested in understanding what makes people satisfied with their neighborhoods. However, relatively little is known about how residents'...
Urbanists have long been interested in understanding what makes people satisfied with their neighborhoods. However, relatively little is known about how residents' personality traits may affect their neighborhood satisfaction. In this paper, we explore the direct and indirect associations of personality traits with neighborhood satisfaction in a representative sample of adults in Michigan (USA). We find that each of the personality traits in the five factor model are associated with neighborhood satisfaction in the same way that they are known to be associated with subjective well-being. However, we fail to observe evidence that personality traits moderate the association between perceptions of neighborhoods and neighborhood satisfaction, or that personality's association with neighborhood satisfaction is mediated by neighborhood perceptions. We conclude that there is potential for drawing on theoretical and empirical developments in positive psychology for understanding neighborhood satisfaction, but observe that the underlying mechanisms for the association between personality and neighborhood satisfaction remain unknown.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Personality; Residence Characteristics; Personal Satisfaction; Personality Disorders; Michigan
PubMed: 36920892
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282437 -
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge... Nov 2011There has been considerable interest among biologists in the phenomenon of non-human animal personality in recent years. Consistent variations among individuals in their... (Review)
Review
There has been considerable interest among biologists in the phenomenon of non-human animal personality in recent years. Consistent variations among individuals in their behavioural responses to ecologically relevant stimuli, often relating to a trade-off between level of risk and reward, have been recorded in a wide variety of species, representing many animal taxa. Research into behavioural variation among individuals has major implications for our understanding of ecological patterns and processes at scales from the level of the individual to the level of the population. Until recently, however, many studies that have considered the broader ecological implications of animal personality have failed to take into account the crucial moderating effect of social context. It is well documented that social processes, such as conformity and facilitation, exert considerable influence on the behaviour of grouping animals and hence that isolated individuals may often behave in a qualitatively as well as quantitatively different manner to those in groups. Recently, a number of studies have begun to address aspects of this gap in our knowledge and have provided vital insights. In this review we examine the state of our knowledge on the relationship between individual personality and sociality. In doing so we consider the influence of the social context on individual personality responses, the interaction between the collective personalities of group members and the expression of those personalities in the individual, and the influence of the personalities of group members on group structure and function. We propose key areas of focus for future studies in order to develop our understanding of this fundamentally important area.
Topics: Animals; Ecosystem; Personality; Social Behavior
PubMed: 21091603
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00169.x -
American Journal of Medical Quality :...It is imperative for health care organizations to foster leadership skills in their workforce. Leadership development programs offer a potential mechanism to achieve...
It is imperative for health care organizations to foster leadership skills in their workforce. Leadership development programs offer a potential mechanism to achieve this goal. These development programs are likely not equally effective for all participants. This study evaluates the efficacy of one such program and determines personality predictors of its efficacy. Before and after a 12-month leadership development program, 28 physicians from various disciplines completed self-reported measures of leadership knowledge across 3 domains. At baseline, participants also provided personality data across the Big-5 factors of personality as well as 2 narrow facets (learning-goal orientation and preference for collaboration). Results suggest that leadership development programs can increase knowledge across leadership domains. Extraversion and conscientiousness predict changes in knowledge. Learning-goal-orientation and preference for collaboration personality facets provide incremental predictive power. Leadership development programs can improve self-rated knowledge across a range of leadership domains and is differentially effective for people based on their personalities.
Topics: Humans; Leadership; Personality; Physicians; Program Development; Workforce
PubMed: 34050052
DOI: 10.1097/01.JMQ.0000751628.94011.8a -
Psychiatria Danubina Sep 2020The different personalities of alcoholics are expressed in the way they manifest certain traits of their personality. In addition to knowing the general and common...
The different personalities of alcoholics are expressed in the way they manifest certain traits of their personality. In addition to knowing the general and common characteristics of alcoholics, it is even more important for clinical practice to know the differences between them, thus allowing a personalized approach to each patient, as a unique personality. The division of the personalities of alcoholics may be viewed through the prism of seven perspectives: the disease perspective, the dimensional perspective, the cognitive-anxiety perspective, the behavioral perspective, the spiritual/transcendent perspective, the narrative and the systemic perspective. Each of these perspectives more clearly represents part of the personality of the alcoholic; together they give a clearer picture of the problem and accordingly offer different treatment options.
Topics: Alcoholics; Alcoholism; Anxiety; Humans; Personality
PubMed: 32970648
DOI: No ID Found -
Personality and Social Psychology... Aug 2024We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as , and measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two... (Review)
Review
We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as , and measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two fundamental groups: , which arise from the target person's own reports, and , which derive from the areas surrounding the person. These two broad classes are then further divided according to what they target and the response processes that produce them. We use the model to organize roughly a dozen kinds of data currently employed in the field. With this classification system in hand, we describe how much we might expect two types of measures of the same attribute to converge-and explain why methods often yield somewhat different results. Given that each measurement method has its own strengths and weaknesses, we examine the pros and cons of selecting a given type of measure to assess a specific area of personality.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Personality Assessment; Psychometrics
PubMed: 38314773
DOI: 10.1177/10888683231222519 -
Quality of Life Research : An... 2003This article concerns the relations between personality and quality of life. In the first part, we discuss different conceptualizations of personality and quality of... (Review)
Review
This article concerns the relations between personality and quality of life. In the first part, we discuss different conceptualizations of personality and quality of life. We argue that personality affects quality of life by influencing how people approach and react to critical life situations. In the second part, we address the beneficial role played by two individual difference variables in promoting quality of life: dispositional optimism and goal adjustment. Literature is reviewed demonstrating that dispositional optimism facilitates subjective well-being and good health, mediated by a person's coping behaviors. In addition, we discuss studies that examine people who confront unattainable goals. The reported evidence supports the conclusion that individual differences in people's abilities to adjust to unattainable goals are associated with a good quality of life.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Attitude to Health; Emotions; Goals; Humans; Individuality; Internal-External Control; Life Change Events; Motivation; Personal Satisfaction; Personality; Quality of Life
PubMed: 12803312
DOI: 10.1023/a:1023529606137 -
Current Opinion in Psychiatry Jan 2023People and communities around the world face many crises, including increasing burdens from disease, psychopathology, burn-out, social distrust, and acts of hate and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
People and communities around the world face many crises, including increasing burdens from disease, psychopathology, burn-out, social distrust, and acts of hate and terrorism. Personality disorder is arguably both a root cause and a consequence of these problems, creating a vicious cycle of suffering caused by fears, immoderate desires, and social distrust that are inconsistent with rational goals and prosocial values. Fortunately, recent advances in understanding the biopsychosocial basis and dynamics of development in personality and its disorders offer insights to address these problems in effective person-centered ways.
RECENT FINDINGS
Fundamental advances have been made recently in the understanding of the psychobiology and sociology of personality in relationship to health, and in basic mechanisms of personality change as a complex process of learning and memory. Promotion of self-awareness and intentional self-control releases a strong tendency for people to seek coherence of their emotions and habits with what gives their life meaning and value.
SUMMARY
People have a strong drive to cultivate personalities in which their emotions and habits are reliably in accord with reasonable goals and prosocial values. Person-centered therapeutics provide practical ways to promote a virtuous cycle of increasing well being for individuals and their communities and habitats.
Topics: Humans; Temperament; Personality Disorders; Personality; Emotions; Psychopathology
PubMed: 36449732
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000833