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Cancer Cell Jun 2021In this issue of Cancer Cell, Bagaev et al. discover conserved relationships between immune and stroma activity that are prognostic and predictive of response to...
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Bagaev et al. discover conserved relationships between immune and stroma activity that are prognostic and predictive of response to immunotherapy across cancer types. The authors develop a visualization tool, akin to a tumor personality test, to integrate genomic and microenvironmental profiling and guide therapeutic decision-making.
Topics: Decision Making; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Personality Tests; Prognosis
PubMed: 34019808
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.04.018 -
History of Psychology Nov 2022Clinical psychology emerged in the United States during the first decades of the 20th century. Although they focused on intelligence tests, starting around 1905 certain...
How did early North American clinical psychologists get their first personality test? Carl Gustav Jung, the Zurich School of Psychiatry, and the development of the "Word Association Test" (1898-1909).
Clinical psychology emerged in the United States during the first decades of the 20th century. Although they focused on intelligence tests, starting around 1905 certain clinical psychologists pursued personality assessment through a specific, nonintellectual kind of test: the word association test as devised by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) at the Burghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich. The test was a key device in the professionalization of North American psychiatry and psychology during the early 20th century: from 1905 onward it was acknowledged, discussed, and applied by experimental and clinical psychologists. However, Jung's original experiments and the development of the test itself have received only superficial or casual attention by historians of science. This article attempts to provide a critical, streamlined, and detailed account on the origin, development, and substance of the Zurich word association experiments. By drawing on heretofore overlooked primary sources, I offer a new, critical perspective on the emergence and development of Jung's test while engaging with its main theoretical and methodological aspects. I show that the test was neither Jung's sole creation nor did it consist of a simple, straightforward set of tasks. Contrarily, it was the result of a highly collaborative, multilayered institutionalized research program on linguistic and mental associations. The program, its data and its assumptions fueled several debates and data-driven discussions at Zurich, precluding the test from achieving a stable, standardized character. As a result, the history of Jung's program reflects both the advances and the limitations of early 20th-century personality testing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: History, 20th Century; Jungian Theory; Psychiatry; Word Association Tests; Schools; North America
PubMed: 35511512
DOI: 10.1037/hop0000218 -
Integrative Psychological & Behavioral... Mar 2013Personality research of today applies basically inventories having neither unambiguously interpretable items nor responses. The substantive process of generating the...
Personality research of today applies basically inventories having neither unambiguously interpretable items nor responses. The substantive process of generating the test answer is rarely investigated and thus the possible field of meanings, out of which the answer is created, remains hidden. In order to investigate the possible array of spontaneous answers to personality test items, a situative open-ended personality inventory was developed to determine individuals' ways of interpreting personality test items and relevant personality descriptions for individuals. The children's sample (N = 704 of 10-13 year olds) answered five free-response contextualized personality test questions, each related to one of the Five Factor Model personality dimensions. It was revealed that there is no universal interpretation of an item. First, different children's answers to same question described different personality dimensions - substantial number of the respondents' answers did not reflect the personality domain assumed in an item. So there are several ways to interpret test questions; answers may refer to different personality dimensions and not necessarily the one assumed by the researcher. Second, a number of children mentioned more than one personality trait for one item, indicating that even within one person there may be several relevant interpretations of the same item. Considering personality traits as occurring one by one and mutually exclusively during personality test answering may be artificial; in reality trait combinations may reflect actual reaction. In sum, the results suggest there is no single predictable interpretational trajectory in meaning construction process if semiotically mediated constructs, e.g., personality reflection, are assessed.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Individuality; Male; Personality; Personality Inventory; Personality Tests
PubMed: 22987259
DOI: 10.1007/s12124-012-9216-9 -
The Journal of Psychology Jan 2000The relationship between students' actual test scores and their self-estimated scores on the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI; R. Hogan & J. Hogan, 1992), an omnibus...
The relationship between students' actual test scores and their self-estimated scores on the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI; R. Hogan & J. Hogan, 1992), an omnibus personality questionnaire, was examined. Despite being given descriptive statistics and explanations of each of the dimensions measured, the students tended to overestimate their scores; yet all correlations between actual and estimated scores were positive and significant. Correlations between self-estimates and actual test scores were highest for sociability, ambition, and adjustment (r = .62 to r = .67). The results are discussed in terms of employers' use and abuse of personality assessment for job recruitment.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Occupations; Personality; Personality Inventory; Personnel Selection; Predictive Value of Tests; Self Concept
PubMed: 10654851
DOI: 10.1080/00223980009600853 -
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Dec 2001The aim of this study was to demonstrate how personality test data can be plotted with a multivariate method known as Partial Least Squares of Latent Structures (PLS).... (Review)
Review
The aim of this study was to demonstrate how personality test data can be plotted with a multivariate method known as Partial Least Squares of Latent Structures (PLS). The basic methodology behind PLS modeling is presented and the example demonstrates how a PLS model of personality test data can be used for diagnostic prediction. Principles for validating the models are also presented. The conclusion is that PLS modeling appears to be a powerful method for extracting clinically relevant information from complex personality test data matrixes. It could be used as a complement to more hard modeling methods in the process of examining a new area of interest.
Topics: Humans; Least-Squares Analysis; Models, Statistical; Multivariate Analysis; Personality Tests
PubMed: 11771809
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9450.00252 -
Journal of Personality Assessment Dec 2006
Topics: Humans; Personality Assessment; Personality Tests; Projective Techniques; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 17134328
DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_01 -
Psicothema May 2021This article explores the suitability of a proposed "Dual" model, in which both people and items are sources of measurement error, by assessing how the test scores are...
BACKGROUND
This article explores the suitability of a proposed "Dual" model, in which both people and items are sources of measurement error, by assessing how the test scores are expected to behave in terms of marginal reliability and external validity when the model holds.
METHOD
Analytical derivations are produced for predicting: (a) the impact of person and item errors in the amount of marginal reliability and external validity, as well as the occurrence of "ceiling" effects; (b) the changes in test reliability across groups with different average amounts of person error, and (c) the phenomenon of differential predictability. Two empirical studies are also used both as an illustration and as a check of the predicted results.
RESULTS
Results show that the model-based predictions agree with existing evidence as well as with basic principles in classical test theory. However, the additional inclusion of individuals as a source of error leads to new explanations and predictions.
CONCLUSIONS
The proposal and results provide new sources of information in personality assessment as well as of evidence of model suitability. They also help to explain some disappointing recurrent results.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Tests; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33879299
DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2020.346 -
Psicothema Nov 2016Backgound : Assessing specific personality traits has shown better predictive power of enterprising personality than have broad personality traits. Hitherto, there have...
UNLABELLED
Backgound : Assessing specific personality traits has shown better predictive power of enterprising personality than have broad personality traits. Hitherto, there have been no instruments that evaluate the combination of specific personality traits of enterprising personality in an adaptive format. So, the aim was to develop a Computerized Adaptive Test (CAT) to assess enterprising personality in young people.
METHODS
A pool of 161 items was developed and applied to two sets of participants (n 1 = 357 students, M age = 17.89; SD age = 3.26; n 2 = 2,693 students; M age = 16.52, SD age = 1.38) using a stratified sampling method.
RESULTS
107 items that assess achievement motivation, risk-taking, innovativeness, autonomy, self-efficacy, stress tolerance, internal locus of control, and optimism were selected. The assumption of unidimensionality was tested. The CAT demonstrated high precision for a wide range of q, using a mean of 10 items and demonstrating a relatively low Standard Error (0.378).
CONCLUSIONS
A brief, valid, and precise instrument was obtained with relevant implications for educational and entrepreneurial contexts.
Topics: Adolescent; Computers; Female; Humans; Male; Personality Assessment; Personality Tests; Young Adult
PubMed: 27776618
DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2016.68 -
PloS One 2022Despite the widespread use of the HEXACO model as a descriptive taxonomy of personality traits, there remains limited information on the test-retest reliability of its...
Despite the widespread use of the HEXACO model as a descriptive taxonomy of personality traits, there remains limited information on the test-retest reliability of its commonly-used inventories. Studies typically report internal consistency estimates, such as alpha or omega, but there are good reasons to believe that these do not accurately assess reliability. We report 13-day test-retest correlations of the 100- and 60-item English HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-100 and HEXACO-60) domains, facets, and items. In order to test the validity of test-retest reliability, we then compare these estimates to correlations between self- and informant-reports (i.e., cross-rater agreement), a widely-used validity criterion. Median estimates of test-retest reliability were .88, .81, and .65 (N = 416) for domains, facets, and items, respectively. Facets' and items' test-retest reliabilities were highly correlated with their cross-rater agreement estimates, whereas internal consistencies were not. Overall, the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised demonstrates test-retest reliability similar to other contemporary measures. We recommend that short-term retest reliability should be routinely calculated to assess reliability.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Personality; Personality Inventory; Personality Tests; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Research Personnel
PubMed: 35025932
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262465 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Jul 1994Comparisons of alcoholic and control subjects have revealed potential differences on a variety of personality tests. However, these results are difficult to interpret... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Comparisons of alcoholic and control subjects have revealed potential differences on a variety of personality tests. However, these results are difficult to interpret because subgroups of alcoholic subjects with antisocial personality disorder were often included in the overall analyses, and because testing was usually carried out while alcoholic subjects were in withdrawal. This article evaluates whether individuals' personality test scores at approximately age 20 predict their risk of subsequent development of alcohol abuse or dependence by about age 30.
METHOD
As part of a larger prospective study of sons of alcoholic and control subjects, subsets of up to 78 subjects (39 matched pairs) out of a sample of 223 men took various personality tests that included the Eysenck Personality Inventory, subtests of the MMPI, and evaluations of locus of control and anxiety. An average of more than 9 years later, the incidence of alcohol abuse or dependence in these 223 subjects was determined by structured interviews.
RESULTS
The 55 men who subsequently went on to develop alcohol abuse or dependence did not differ on any of the personality tests from the 168 men who did not develop alcoholism.
CONCLUSIONS
These data are consistent with prospective studies indicating that except for antisocial personality disorder, it is difficult to identify a reliable personality profile associated with an individual's risk of alcoholism.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Assertiveness; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Internal-External Control; MMPI; Male; Personality Inventory; Personality Tests; Prospective Studies; Psychometrics; Risk Factors
PubMed: 8010361
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.151.7.1038