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International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2021Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, and their remarkable increases in agricultural... (Review)
Review
Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, and their remarkable increases in agricultural products have been reported. The increase in the world's population in the 20th century could not have been possible without a parallel increase in food production. About one-third of agricultural products are produced depending on the application of pesticides. Without the use of pesticides, there would be a 78% loss of fruit production, a 54% loss of vegetable production, and a 32% loss of cereal production. Therefore, pesticides play a critical role in reducing diseases and increasing crop yields worldwide. Thus, it is essential to discuss the agricultural development process; the historical perspective, types and specific uses of pesticides; and pesticide behavior, its contamination, and adverse effects on the natural environment. The review study indicates that agricultural development has a long history in many places around the world. The history of pesticide use can be divided into three periods of time. Pesticides are classified by different classification terms such as chemical classes, functional groups, modes of action, and toxicity. Pesticides are used to kill pests and control weeds using chemical ingredients; hence, they can also be toxic to other organisms, including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants, as well as air, water, soil, and crops. Moreover, pesticide contamination moves away from the target plants, resulting in environmental pollution. Such chemical residues impact human health through environmental and food contamination. In addition, climate change-related factors also impact on pesticide application and result in increased pesticide usage and pesticide pollution. Therefore, this review will provide the scientific information necessary for pesticide application and management in the future.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Environmental Pollution; Humans; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 33513796
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031112 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jul 2022On average, it has taken approximately 10 years and $250 million to discover and develop one pesticide out of approximately 100 000 compounds. A successful pesticide... (Review)
Review
On average, it has taken approximately 10 years and $250 million to discover and develop one pesticide out of approximately 100 000 compounds. A successful pesticide researcher nowadays needs to be knowledgeable and skillful in multiple disciplines. As a result of the high costs and unique requirements, only a handful of companies in the world can afford to continue pesticide research and development (R/D) in the $70 billion pesticide market. Pesticide R/D is a high-risk yet high-reward business. In this perspective, pesticide R/D is briefly discussed and a case study is used to illustrate how spinosad was discovered and became a successful product, despite the many challenges facing pesticide R/D.
Topics: Drug Combinations; Insecticides; Macrolides; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides
PubMed: 35834192
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03821 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Jan 2017Pesticide researchers are students of nature, and each new compound and mechanism turns a page in the ever-expanding encyclopedia of life. Pesticides are both probes to... (Review)
Review
Pesticide researchers are students of nature, and each new compound and mechanism turns a page in the ever-expanding encyclopedia of life. Pesticides are both probes to learn about life processes and tools for pest management to facilitate food production and enhance health. In contrast to some household and industrial chemicals, pesticides are assumed to be hazardous to health and the environment until proven otherwise. About a thousand current pesticides working by more than 100 different mechanisms have helped understand many processes and coupled events. Pesticide chemical research is a major source of toxicology information on new natural products, novel targets or modes of action, resistance mechanisms, xenobiotic metabolism, selective toxicity, safety evaluations, and recommendations for safe and effective pest management. Target binding site models help define the effect of substituent changes and predict modifications for enhanced potency and safety and circumvention of resistance. The contribution of pesticide chemical research in toxicology is illustrated here with two each of the newer or most important insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The insecticides are imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole acting on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the ryanodine receptor Ca channel, respectively. The herbicides are glyphosate that inhibits aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and mesotrione that prevents plastoquinone and carotenoid formation. The fungicides are azoxystrobin inhibiting the Q site of the cytochrome bc complex and prothioconazole inhibiting the 14α-demethylase in ergosterol biosynthesis. The two target sites involved for each type of pesticide account for 27-40% of worldwide sales for all insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. In each case, selection for resistance involving a single amino acid change in the binding site or detoxifying enzyme circumvents the pesticide chemists's structure optimization and guarantees survival of the pest and a continuing job for the design chemist. These lessons from nature are a continuing part of pest management and maintaining human and environmental health.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nature; Pesticides; Research
PubMed: 27715053
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00303 -
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Oct 2020Neonicotinoids are a widely used class of pesticides. Co-exposure to neonicotinoids and other classes of pesticides can exert potentiating or synergistic effects, and... (Review)
Review
Neonicotinoids are a widely used class of pesticides. Co-exposure to neonicotinoids and other classes of pesticides can exert potentiating or synergistic effects, and these mixtures have been detected in human bodily fluids. The present review summarizes studies into the effects of neonicotinoid-containing pesticide mixtures on humans and other nontarget organisms. Exposure to these mixtures has been reported to result in reproductive and hormonal toxicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity in vertebrates. Mortality of pollinators and toxicity in other organisms has also been reported. The underlying mechanism of pesticide mixture toxicity may be associated with impairment of cytochrome 450 enzymes, which are involved in metabolizing pesticides. However, a comprehensive explanation of the adverse effects of neonicotinoid-containing pesticide mixtures is still required so that effective prevention and control measures can be formulated. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1884-1893. © 2020 SETAC.
Topics: Animals; Drug Synergism; Ecotoxicology; Environmental Exposure; Fungicides, Industrial; Herbicides; Humans; Insecticides; Neonicotinoids; Pesticides; Pollination
PubMed: 32936472
DOI: 10.1002/etc.4842 -
Food Chemistry Aug 2019The sample extraction process is considered as the essential step in the pesticide residue analysis, as it provides the base for the detection of the pesticides in trace... (Review)
Review
The sample extraction process is considered as the essential step in the pesticide residue analysis, as it provides the base for the detection of the pesticides in trace level. Various factors need to be optimized during the extraction of pesticides due to the complexity of the matrix which is time-consuming and tedious. Therefore, the use of experimental design in the optimization process proves to be effective with minimum experiments and cost. This paper is aimed to overview the experimental designs that are frequently used for screening (full factorial, fractional factorial, Plackett-Burman Design) and optimizing (central composite design, Box-Behnken design, Taguchi design, Doehlert design, D-optimal design) the most influential factors to provide a sequential understanding of the linear and complex interactions in the pesticide extraction methods. Further, a systematic approach has been discussed about the use of experimental designs in pesticide extraction and also the softwares used for application-oriented readers.
Topics: Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Research Design; Software
PubMed: 30955627
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.045 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2022Pesticides are widely used agrochemicals for crop protection. The need for novel pesticides becomes urgent as a result of the emergence of resistance and environmental... (Review)
Review
Pesticides are widely used agrochemicals for crop protection. The need for novel pesticides becomes urgent as a result of the emergence of resistance and environmental toxicity. Pesticide informatics has been applied in different phase processes of pesticide target identification, active ingredient design, and impact evaluation. However, these valuable resources are scattered over the literature and web, limiting their availability. Here, we summarize and connect research on pesticide informatics resources. A pesticide informatics platform (PIP) was constructed to share these tools. We finally discuss the future direction of pesticide informatics, including pesticide contamination. We expect to share the pesticide informatics approaches and stimulate further research.
Topics: Agrochemicals; Crop Protection; Informatics; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides
PubMed: 35617526
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02141 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Jan 2019The incorporation of nanotechnology as a means for nanopesticides is in the early stage of development. The main idea behind this incorporation is to lower the... (Review)
Review
The incorporation of nanotechnology as a means for nanopesticides is in the early stage of development. The main idea behind this incorporation is to lower the indiscriminate use of conventional pesticides to be in line with safe environmental applications. Nanoencapsulated pesticides can provide controlled release kinetics, while efficiently enhancing permeability, stability, and solubility. Nanoencapsulation can enhance the pest-control efficiency over extended durations by preventing the premature degradation of active ingredients (AIs) under harsh environmental conditions. This review is thus organized to critically assess the significant role of nanotechnology for encapsulation of AIs for pesticides. The smart delivery of pesticides is essential to reduce the dosage of AIs with enhanced efficacy and to overcome pesticide loss (e.g., due to leaching and evaporation). The future trends of pesticide nanoformulations including nanomaterials as AIs and nanoemulsions of biopesticides are also explored. This review should thus offer a valuable guide for establishing regulatory frameworks related to field applications of these nano-based pesticides in the near future.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Humans; Nanostructures; Pesticides
PubMed: 30552953
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.012 -
Analytical Chemistry Apr 1969
Review
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Chromatography, Gas; Herbicides; Pesticides
PubMed: 4892227
DOI: 10.1021/ac60274a002 -
Analytical Chemistry Apr 1975
Review
Topics: Carbamates; Chromatography, Gas; Fungicides, Industrial; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Insecticides; Methods; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides
PubMed: 1094857
DOI: 10.1021/ac60355a004 -
Analytical Chemistry Apr 1967