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Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2015White petrolatum is a mixture of solid and liquid hydrocarbons and its structure can be affected by shear stress. Thus, it might also induce changes in its rheological...
Effects of mixing procedure itself on the structure, viscosity, and spreadability of white petrolatum and salicylic acid ointment and the skin permeation of salicylic acid.
White petrolatum is a mixture of solid and liquid hydrocarbons and its structure can be affected by shear stress. Thus, it might also induce changes in its rheological properties. In this study, we used polarization microscopy to investigate how different mixing methods affect the structure of white petrolatum. We used two different mixing methods, mixing using a rotation/revolution mixer and mixing using an ointment slab and an ointment spatula. The extent of the fragmentation and dispersal of the solid portion of white petrolatum depended on the mixing conditions. Next, we examined the changes in the structure of a salicylic acid ointment, in which white petrolatum was used as a base, induced by mixing and found that the salicylic acid solids within the ointment were also dispersed. In addition to these structural changes, the viscosity and thixotropic behavior of both test substances also decreased in a mixing condition-dependent manner. The reductions in these parameters were most marked after mixing with a rotation/revolution mixer, and similar results were obtained for spreadability. We also investigated the effects of mixing procedure on the skin accumulation and permeation of salicylic acid. They were increased by approximately three-fold after mixing. Little difference in skin accumulation or permeation was detected between the two mixing methods. These findings indicate that mixing procedures themselves affect the utility and physiological effects of white petrolatum-based ointments. Therefore, these effects should be considered when mixing is required for the clinical use of petrolatum-based ointments.
Topics: Animals; Drug Compounding; Ointments; Petrolatum; Rheology; Salicylic Acid; Skin; Skin Absorption; Swine; Viscosity
PubMed: 25400272
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00558 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... Dec 2006Petrolatum rarely causes hypersensitivity reactions. We report a case of a 51-year-old white man with allergic contact dermatitis due to white petrolatum on damaged...
Petrolatum rarely causes hypersensitivity reactions. We report a case of a 51-year-old white man with allergic contact dermatitis due to white petrolatum on damaged skin. The patient, who presented with a history of hand dermatitis and intolerance to ointments for years, was patch-tested with white petrolatum on scratched skin. Patch tests with the European Standard series, preservatives, steroids, vehicles, and emulsifiers were also performed. The patch-test reaction to white petrolatum on scratched skin was positive at 48 and 96 hours. All other patch-test results were negative.
Topics: Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ointment Bases; Petrolatum; Skin
PubMed: 17150171
DOI: 10.2310/6620.2006.06010 -
Archives of Dermatology May 1985
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Drug Eruptions; Female; Humans; Petrolatum
PubMed: 3158283
DOI: No ID Found -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2017Steroid ointments are frequently mixed with moisturizer. It was reported that steroid ointments mixed with moisturizer increase permeability. There are only few studies...
Steroid ointments are frequently mixed with moisturizer. It was reported that steroid ointments mixed with moisturizer increase permeability. There are only few studies done on the permeability of the moisturizer. We researched moisturizing effect of heparinoid ointment (Hirudoid Soft ointment) diluted with white petrolatum (Propeto) on the dry skin models by measuring water content of stratum. Two to four fold dilution of Hirudoid to white petrolatum resulted in a significant decrease in the moisturizing effect of the active ingredient. There was no significant difference in moisturizing effect between four times diluted mixture and white petrolatum alone. This leads to the conclusion that steroid ointment mixture with moisturizer is frequently used, but we should take more caution regarding the decrease of moisturizing effect.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Body Water; Electric Conductivity; Female; Heparinoids; Humans; Male; Ointment Bases; Ointments; Petrolatum; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Young Adult
PubMed: 28566581
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00191 -
Toxicology Letters Oct 2017Mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetic products, also referred to as "personal care products" outside the European Union, are mixtures of predominantly saturated... (Review)
Review
Mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetic products, also referred to as "personal care products" outside the European Union, are mixtures of predominantly saturated hydrocarbons consisting of straight-chain, branched and ring structures with carbon chain lengths greater than C16. They are used in skin and lip care cosmetic products due to their excellent skin tolerance as well as their high protecting and cleansing performance and broad viscosity options. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding potential adverse health effects of mineral oils and waxes from dermal application of cosmetics. In order to be able to assess the risk for the consumer the dermal penetration potential of these ingredients has to be evaluated. The scope and objective of this review are to identify and summarize publicly available literature on the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes as used in cosmetic products. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature search was conducted. A total of 13 in vivo (human, animal) and in vitro studies investigating the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes has been identified and analysed. The majority of the substances were dermally adsorbed to the stratum corneum and only a minor fraction reached deeper skin layers. Overall, there is no evidence from the various studies that mineral oils and waxes are percutaneously absorbed and become systemically available. Thus, given the absence of dermal uptake, mineral oils and waxes as used in cosmetic products do not present a risk to the health of the consumer.
Topics: Cosmetics; Humans; Mineral Oil; Skin Absorption; Waxes
PubMed: 28789996
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.899 -
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology May 1965
Topics: Carcinogens; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Diet; Erythrocyte Count; Food Additives; Growth; Leukocyte Count; Mice; Mineral Oil; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Organ Size; Pathology; Petrolatum; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Toxicology
PubMed: 14288812
DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(65)90140-7 -
Contact Dermatitis Oct 1984Patch test materials in petrolatum, from 3 different manufacturers and 14 different types were evaluated by gross and microscopic examination. The allergens were noted...
Patch test materials in petrolatum, from 3 different manufacturers and 14 different types were evaluated by gross and microscopic examination. The allergens were noted to be suspended as particles or droplets in the vehicle. Obvious variations in both size and structure of the included allergen were found with the same chemicals but of different manufacture. Several materials do not meet the pharmaceutical standards which should be requested regarding stability, particle size and packing. A more detailed declaration is proposed.
Topics: Allergens; Particle Size; Patch Tests; Petrolatum; Skin Tests
PubMed: 6499424
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00988.x -
Contact Dermatitis May 2007No recommendation exists on the amount of petrolatum (pet.) preparation to be applied in a Finn Chamber or van der Bend Chamber.
BACKGROUND
No recommendation exists on the amount of petrolatum (pet.) preparation to be applied in a Finn Chamber or van der Bend Chamber.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate amount of pet. preparation to apply in the Finn and van der Bend chambers.
METHODS
12 volunteers were patch tested with green-coloured pet. in Finn and van der Bend chambers on the back on 3 occasions. Doses were 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg initially and on second and third occasion, 10 mg was removed in van der Bend Chambers and 35 mg was added. On day 2, the test sites were scored. A negative test equalled a test area not covered to 100%. A positive test meant a completely green-coloured test area. Minor and major spreading was noted. The amount of pet. preparation yielding at most 5% negative reactions and having the least number of reactions with major spreading equalled the appropriate amount.
RESULTS
For van der Bend Chambers, all doses yielded more than 5% negative reactions. For the Finn Chamber, 30, 25, and 20 mg pet. yielded less than 5% negative reactions and with major spreading in 60%, 40%, and 25% of test sites.
CONCLUSIONS
20 mg pet. preparation was the optimal dose for the Finn Chambers.
Topics: Adult; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patch Tests; Petrolatum
PubMed: 17441852
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01098.x -
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy Feb 2008The current study focuses on characterizing the rheological characteristics of different petrolatum grades using a controlled stress rheometer. Both steady-state flow...
The current study focuses on characterizing the rheological characteristics of different petrolatum grades using a controlled stress rheometer. Both steady-state flow and dynamic oscillatory tests were conducted on the petrolatums. The thermorheological scans were found to be the most informative and reproducible for this study. Significant differences in the structure were observed between the petrolatum grades. The structural differences were found to be most significant in the temperature range 25-35 degrees C. The findings from this study will help in identifying the critical parameters (for e.g., temperature, mixing) during the processing and handling of such materials, which can have a direct impact on the product rheology and performance.
Topics: Elasticity; Petrolatum; Rheology; Stress, Mechanical; Temperature; Viscosity
PubMed: 18302034
DOI: 10.1080/03639040701484569 -
Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 2014Silicone excipients are commonly used ingredients because of their emollient and skin-conditioning effects, and their ability to form uniform, water-resistant, yet... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Silicone excipients are commonly used ingredients because of their emollient and skin-conditioning effects, and their ability to form uniform, water-resistant, yet permeable films. Based on comparisons with organic materials and conflicting knowledge from silicones used in scar treatment, the misconception still exists that silicone topical excipients are occlusive substances that may block the passive loss of water through the upper skin layers. Therefore, 3 types of common silicone excipients and 3 water-in-(oil-plus-silicone) or W/(O + Si) creams, containing 10% (w/w) of the respective silicones, were investigated as a function of time and compared to petrolatum.
METHODS
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration measurements were carried out after a single topical application on forearm skin of 26 healthy young female volunteers.
RESULTS
Both petrolatum and silicones significantly decreased TEWL 15 min after application, but the measurements for the silicones were not significantly different from the untreated control values. The tested silicones did not moisturize the skin. Petrolatum formed an occlusive layer, creating an increase in skin hydration for more than 4 h. The results measured for the W/(O + Si) creams indicated that they moisturized the skin, without any effect on TEWL.
CONCLUSION
A clear difference was shown between the skin occlusive properties of petrolatum and the water vapor permeability of the common silicone excipient materials.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Emollients; Excipients; Female; Forearm; Humans; Oils; Permeability; Petrolatum; Silicones; Skin; Time Factors; Water; Water Loss, Insensible; Young Adult
PubMed: 24457536
DOI: 10.1159/000354914