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APMIS. Supplementum 1990
Review
Quantitative aspects of the mucosal immunity and bacteriology of the nasopharynx and middle ear cavity. Studies on children with clinically different forms of otitis media.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Denmark; Ear, Middle; Humans; Immune System; Immunohistochemistry; Infant; Mucous Membrane; Nasopharynx; Otitis Media
PubMed: 2192745
DOI: No ID Found -
Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin,... Jun 2003We tested the hypothesis that mucosal pressures are higher for the laryngeal tube airway trade mark than the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway. Fifteen fresh cadavers were... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
We tested the hypothesis that mucosal pressures are higher for the laryngeal tube airway trade mark than the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway. Fifteen fresh cadavers were studied. Microchip pressure sensors were attached to the laryngeal tube airway and ProSeal laryngeal mask airway at four similar anatomical locations (base of tongue, lateral pharynx, posterior pharynx and posterior hypopharynx) and three dissimilar locations (laryngeal tube airway trade mark, anterior and lateral hypopharynx; ProSeal laryngeal mask airway, pyriform fossa). The cuff volume (laryngeal tube airway, < or = 140 ml; ProSeal laryngeal mask airway, < or = 30 ml) was adjusted until the oropharyngeal leak pressure was 15 cm H2O and the mucosal pressures recorded. This was repeated at an oropharyngeal leak pressure of 20, 25 and 30 cm H2O. Mucosal pressures in the lateral pharynx were always similar. Mucosal pressures at the base of tongue and posterior pharynx were similar for the laryngeal tube airway and ProSeal laryngeal mask airway at 15 and 20 cm H2O, but were higher for the laryngeal tube airway at 25 cm H2O at 30 cm H2O. Mucosal pressures in the posterior hypopharynx were always higher for the laryngeal tube airway (all: p < 0.03). Mean mucosal pressures for the laryngeal tube airway ranged from 8-31, 2-13 and 15-41 cm H2O for the base of tongue, lateral pharynx and posterior pharynx (proximal cuff) respectively and 3-7, 3-7 and 7-18 cm H2O for the anterior, lateral and posterior hypopharynx (distal cuff) respectively. Mean mucosal pressures for the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway ranged from 6-23, 3-10, 8-25, 6-17 and 2-8 cm H2O for the base of tongue, lateral pharynx, posterior pharynx, pyriform fossa and posterior hypopharynx respectively. We conclude that mucosal pressures are higher for the laryngeal tube airway, particularly when oropharyngeal leak pressure greater than 25 cm H2O. This suggests that mucosal ischemic injury will be more common with the LTA than the PLMA.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cadaver; Female; Humans; Laryngeal Masks; Laryngeal Mucosa; Male; Middle Aged; Oropharynx; Pharynx; Pressure
PubMed: 12759874
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-39359 -
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia =... May 2003
Topics: Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Larynx; Mucous Membrane; Pharynx; Pressure
PubMed: 12734171
DOI: 10.1007/BF03021074 -
PloS One Apr 2008Candida albicans is a low level commensal organism in normal human populations with the continuous potential to expand and cause a spectrum of clinical conditions.
BACKGROUND
Candida albicans is a low level commensal organism in normal human populations with the continuous potential to expand and cause a spectrum of clinical conditions.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Using ex vivo human organ cultures and populations of primary human cells, we have developed several related experimental systems to examine early-stage interactions between C. albicans and mucosal surfaces. Experiments have been conducted both with exogenously added C. albicans and with overtly normal human mucosal surfaces supporting pre-existing infections with natural isolates of Candida. Under different culture conditions, we have demonstrated the formation of C. albicans colonies on human target cells and filament formation, equivalent to tissue invasion.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
These organ culture systems provide a valuable new resource to examine the molecular and cellular basis for Candida colonization of human mucosal surfaces.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Child, Preschool; Colony Count, Microbial; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Mucous Membrane; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 18446191
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002067 -
The Laryngoscope Feb 2010Contact endoscopy is a noninvasive tool that allows in vivo and in situ examination of superficial mucosa. Its use for early diagnosis of cancerous lesions of the...
OBJECTIVES
Contact endoscopy is a noninvasive tool that allows in vivo and in situ examination of superficial mucosa. Its use for early diagnosis of cancerous lesions of the oropharynx and larynx has not been evaluated. The aim of the study was to validate contact endoscopy for the examination of pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective clinical study.
METHODS
Superficial cells of the mucosa were stained with methylene blue and examined with contact endoscopes. The documented images were assessed by a cytopathologist and by an otolaryngologist independently for each patient. Biopsies for histopathological examination of the area were performed and correlated with contact endoscopic findings of both examiners.
RESULTS
Of the 42 examined specimen, 32 (76.2%) showed benign changes in the histological analysis. Squamous cell carcinoma was revealed in 10 specimen (23.8%). Using contact endoscopy, the cytopathologist accurately identified 90.6% of the benign findings (29 of 32); however, only seven of 10 (70%) carcinomas were correctly categorized. In comparison, the otolaryngologist made a correct diagnosis in 93.75% (30 of 32) of the benign and in 90% (nine of 10) of the malignant cases. Thus, a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 93.75% can be achieved by contact endoscopy.
CONCLUSIONS
Contact endoscopy offers valuable support for the evaluation of oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosa. Contact endoscopy can be a useful contribution to rapid intraoperative evaluation of mucosal alterations for early diagnosis of tumors and might reduce diagnostic biopsy sampling. Even so, it does not replace biopsy sampling.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Coloring Agents; Early Detection of Cancer; Endoscopes; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Laryngeal Mucosa; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Male; Methylene Blue; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Pharynx; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult
PubMed: 19998420
DOI: 10.1002/lary.20732 -
Minerva Stomatologica Oct 2008The contribution of host genetic factors in oropharyngeal mucositis is not fully understood. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine possible associations of...
AIM
The contribution of host genetic factors in oropharyngeal mucositis is not fully understood. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine possible associations of age, sex, underlying disease, type of chemotherapy and ABO blood group antigens with the risk of chemotherapy-induced oropharyngeal mucositis.
METHODS
A total of 641 patients (395 boys and 246 girls; mean age 6.82+/-4.08 years) treated by standard chemotherapy for different type of malignancies were enrolled in the study. Mucositis was scored using the WHO scale.
RESULTS
Oropharyngeal mucositis was found in 65.4% of our population. Patients with hematological malignancies (RR=1.87; 95% CI 1.33-2.67; P<0.0001) and under antimetabolities drugs (RR=1.88; 95% CI 1.33-2.63; P<0.0001) were associated with increased risk of oropharyngeal mucositis. Also, patients with blood group O were at higher risk (RR=2.86; 95% CI 2.03-4.02; P<0.0001) compared to patients with blood type A (RR= 0.47; 95% CI 0.33-0.66; P<0.0001) and blood type B (RR=0.59; 95% CI 0.38-0.91; P= 0.01). No relationship was found between oropharyngeal mucositis and age or sex.
CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge this is the first report demonstrating an association between ABO blood group and oropharyngeal mucositis. Further investigations are needed for a better understanding of this relationship.
Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Adolescent; Age Factors; Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mucositis; Pharyngeal Diseases; Sex Factors; Stomatitis
PubMed: 19078892
DOI: No ID Found -
American Industrial Hygiene Association... Jun 1987Animal studies frequently are used in assessing potential human health effects from exposure to inhaled toxicants. Such studies also are used to investigate sensitive...
Animal studies frequently are used in assessing potential human health effects from exposure to inhaled toxicants. Such studies also are used to investigate sensitive subpopulations such as children. Among other factors that influence the degree to which animal models are predictive of human effects in the delivered dose of the toxicant to the various regions of the respiratory tract. Because the rat is an obligatory nose breather, an understanding of the rat nasal-pharyngeal airway geometry is needed to relate exposures to delivered doses. In this study, the growth and development of the rat nasal-pharyngeal airway was studied at one-week intervals in male Fischer-344 rats from one to five weeks. Casts of an adult (60 day) and an aging (441 day) rat were included for comparison. Replica casts of the nasal-pharyngeal airway were made by injecting silicone rubber through the trachea, and sections in anterior-posterior positions were made for morphometric study. A simple structure of the nasal-pharyngeal airway was found in the young rats. While the percentage of the airway composed of turbinates was similar at all ages, the surface area of the turbinates increased 7.7-fold between 7 and 60 days. Because of the simpler structure and smaller surface area in the young rat, extrathoracic clearance is probably less efficient, resulting in a higher delivered dose to the lung of a young rat than to that of an adult rat exposed to the same toxicant concentration.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Male; Nasal Mucosa; Pharynx; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Surface Properties; Turbinates
PubMed: 3618470
DOI: 10.1080/15298668791385219 -
American Journal of Otolaryngology 2023
Topics: Humans; Pharynx; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Autonomic Pathways; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 36370652
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103688 -
Acta Oto-laryngologica 1978The influence of cigarette smoke on the pharyngeal mucosa was investigated in a clinical study and in an experiment on animals. Histologic reports were evaluated...
The influence of cigarette smoke on the pharyngeal mucosa was investigated in a clinical study and in an experiment on animals. Histologic reports were evaluated according to the Kambic-Lenart classification of hyperplastic aberrations of the throat mucosa. A close dependence of the degree of hyperplasia and the number of cigarettes smoked was revealed. The more cigarettes the patients smoked every day, the more evident were changes on the mucosa, more clearly manifested in male than in female smokers. It was observed that the changes related to the hyperplasia atypica were more evident the longer the patients smoked. They were also more intense the younger the smokers were when they started smoking. In the experiment on animals, a number of factors with additionally noxious influence on the pharyngeal mucosa were excluded. A great interdependence was observed between the number of daily inhaled cigaretes and the changes on the pharyngeal mucosa.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Pharynx; Smoking; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 626050
DOI: 10.3109/00016487809121433 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Dec 2010Bacteremia is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and enterococci are among the most frequently...
Bacteremia is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and enterococci are among the most frequently isolated pathogens. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for enterococcal bacteremia during the first 30 days after allogeneic HSCT. A retrospective case-control study was performed; for each case, 3 controls were randomly selected among 306 patients transplanted during the study period (January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2007). Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for variables influencing the risk for bacteremia. Overall, 33 patients developed enterococcal bacteremia, within a median of 9 days after HSCT (range, 2-24). The cumulative incidence was 10.8%. Multivariate analysis identified the following variables as risk factors for enterococcal bacteremia: donor and transplant type (greater risk for mismatched related or cord blood) (OR=8.98, 95% CI, 1.65-48.99 and OR=7.52, 95% CI, 1.56-36.31, respectively, P=0.047); severe (grades 3-4) mucositis (OR=9.04, 95% CI, 1.97-41.52, P=0.018); pharyngeal enterococcal colonization (OR=4.48, 95% CI, 1.11-18.03, P=0.035); and previous empirical therapy with cephalosporins (OR=4.16, 95% CI, 0.93-18.66 for 1-7 days of therapy, and OR=7.31, 95% CI, 1.78-30.12 for 8-23 days, P=0.018). Higher Karnofsky score (≥50) and previous empirical therapy with glycopeptides were associated with a decreased risk (OR=0.25, 95% CI, 0.06-0.97, P=0.045 and OR=0.11, 95% CI, 0.02-0.59, P=0.010, respectively). The crude mortality at 7 and 30 days was 12% (4/33) and 24% (8/33), respectively. Enterococcal bacteremia is frequent after allogeneic HSCT. The factors associated with this infection are type of transplant, pharyngeal colonization, severe mucositis, and use of cephalosporins. Good general conditions and the use of vancomycin were associated with lower risk of enterococcal bacteremia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Case-Control Studies; Cephalosporins; Enterococcus; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mucositis; Pharynx; Risk Factors; Transplantation, Homologous; Vancomycin; Young Adult
PubMed: 20636482
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00544.x