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Scientific Reports Mar 2021Imaging the Eustachian tube is challenging because of its complex anatomy and limited accessibility. This study fabricated a fiber-based optical coherence tomography...
Imaging the Eustachian tube is challenging because of its complex anatomy and limited accessibility. This study fabricated a fiber-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) catheter and investigated its potential for assessing the Eustachian tube anatomy. A customized OCT system and an imaging catheter, termed the Eustachian OCT, were developed for visualizing the Eustachian tube. Three male swine cadaver heads were used to study OCT image acquisition and for subsequent histologic correlation. The imaging catheter was introduced through the nasopharyngeal opening and reached toward the middle ear. The OCT images were acquired from the superior to the nasopharyngeal opening before and after Eustachian tube balloon dilatation. The histological anatomy of the Eustachian tube was compared with corresponding OCT images, The new, Eustachian OCT catheter was successfully inserted in the tubal lumen without damage. Cross-sectional images of the tube were successfully obtained, and the margins of the anatomical structures including cartilage, mucosa lining, and fat could be successfully delineated. After balloon dilatation, the expansion of the cross-sectional area could be identified from the OCT images. Using the OCT technique to assess the Eustachian tube anatomy was shown to be feasible, and the fabricated OCT image catheter was determined to be suitable for Eustachian tube assessment.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cartilage; Catheterization; Dilatation; Endoscopy; Eustachian Tube; Male; Mucous Membrane; Nasopharynx; Swine; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33737591
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85634-3 -
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia Feb 2006The histology of the pharyngeal cavity and oesophagus of the freshwater 'silverside'Odontesthes bonariensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) and the characteristics of their...
The histology of the pharyngeal cavity and oesophagus of the freshwater 'silverside'Odontesthes bonariensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) and the characteristics of their mucous cells were investigated. The histological characterization of its digestive wall revealed that the mucosa is thrown with longitudinal folds. The epithelium covering the folds was stratified with abundant mucous cells and gustative corpuscles, which are lacking in the oesophagus. The muscularis mucosa was absent. The submucosa presented the compactum stratum. The muscularis was organized in longitudinal and circular layers of muscular striated fibres. The serosa with a flat epithelium was located only in the oesophagus. Using histochemical procedures including methods for localization and characterization of glycoproteins (GPs), no differences were detected between the mucous cells contents of the pharyngeal cavity and those of the oesophagus. The mucous cells showed a weak periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive reaction in their content. The reactions for the differential analysis of sialic acids from GPs are feeble for periodic acid-Schiff at low temperature and low pH (PA*S) and KOH/PA*S and strong for periodic acid/borohydride/KOH/PAS (PA/Bh/KOH/PAS) and KOH/PA*/Bh/PAS revealing the scarce presence of C7 or C9 substituted and non-substituted sialic acids and the abundance of C7, C8 substituted sialic acids, O-acyl sugars and neutral sugars respectively. The results suggest that the pharyngeal cavity with the gustative corpuscles would induce the gastric secretion whereas the oesophagus is mainly involved in the transport of the food bolus to the stomach with the aid of abundant secretion of mucus. GPs secreted on the surface of the mucous cells, likely related to environmental conditions, would be involved in the lubrication, protection against abrasion and inhibition of microorganism proliferation.
Topics: Animals; Esophagus; Female; Male; Mucous Membrane; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Pharynx; Smegmamorpha; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 16433672
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00654.x -
The American Journal of Physiology Oct 1994The potential influence of mucosal sensory receptors on the regulation of oral-pharyngeal swallow events was studied in 15 healthy volunteers using simultaneous...
The potential influence of mucosal sensory receptors on the regulation of oral-pharyngeal swallow events was studied in 15 healthy volunteers using simultaneous videoradiography and manometry. We determined the effects of selective pharyngeal and oral plus pharyngeal anesthesia on the following temporal and manometric measures in response to liquid and viscous swallows: regional transit and clearance times; motion of hyoid and larynx; upper esophageal sphincter relaxation, opening, and closure; and pharyngeal contraction wave characteristics. Under the influence of mucosal anesthesia no subjects demonstrated aspiration during deglutition. Neither regional transit and clearance times nor pharyngosphincteric coordination was influenced significantly by pharyngeal mucosal anesthesia or oral plus pharyngeal anesthesia. Although midpharyngeal and distal pharyngeal contraction amplitudes were not influenced by mucosal anesthesia, midpharyngeal contraction wave duration was reduced significantly by both pharyngeal (P = 0.02) and oral plus pharyngeal anesthesia (P = 0.0005). We conclude that 1) neither elicitation of the pharyngeal swallow response nor temporal regulation among swallow events is dependent on mucosal sensory receptors and 2) duration of the pharyngeal contraction is influenced by sensory input from the oral-pharyngeal mucosa.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Barium; Deglutition; Esophagogastric Junction; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Pharynx; Sensory Receptor Cells; Time Factors
PubMed: 7943330
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1994.267.4.G644 -
Anesthesiology Apr 1999The tube of the intubating laryngeal mask (ILM) is more rigid than the standard laryngeal mask airway (LMA), and the authors have tested the hypothesis that pharyngeal... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
The tube of the intubating laryngeal mask (ILM) is more rigid than the standard laryngeal mask airway (LMA), and the authors have tested the hypothesis that pharyngeal mucosal pressures, airway sealing pressures, and fiberoptic position are different when the two devices are compared.
METHODS
Twenty anesthetized, paralyzed adults were randomly allocated to receive either the LMA or ILM for airway management. Microchip sensors were attached to the size 5 LMA or ILM at locations corresponding to the pyriform fossa, hypopharynx, base of tongue, posterior pharynx, and distal and proximal oropharynx. Mucosal pressures, airway sealing pressures, and fiberoptic positioning were recorded during inflation of the cuff from 0 to 40 ml in 10-ml increments.
RESULTS
Airway sealing pressures were higher for the ILM (30 vs. 23 cm H2O), but epiglottic downfolding was more common (56% vs. 26%). Pharyngeal mucosal pressures were much higher for the ILM at five of six locations. Mean mucosal pressures in the distal oropharynx for the ILM were always greater than 157 cm H2O, regardless of cuff volume. There was no correlation between mucosal pressures and airway sealing pressures at any location for the LMA, but there was a correlation at three of six locations for the ILM.
CONCLUSIONS
The ILM provides a more effective seal than the LMA, but pharyngeal mucosal pressures are higher and always exceed capillary perfusion pressure. The ILM is unsuitable for use as a routine airway and should be removed after its use as an airway intubator.
Topics: Adult; Female; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Intubation; Laryngeal Masks; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Pharynx; Pressure
PubMed: 10201670
DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199904000-00012 -
The Cleft Palate Journal Jan 1975During the past three years, forty-eight patients, ranging from five to thirty years of age, have undergone bilateral transverse pharyngeal pedicles to the palate....
During the past three years, forty-eight patients, ranging from five to thirty years of age, have undergone bilateral transverse pharyngeal pedicles to the palate. Thirty-nine patients had not had pharyngeal flaps prior to this procedure and the remaining nine patients had failure of production of acceptable speech after undergoing inferiorly or superiorly based flap operations. One patient suffered separation of the suture line. Dramatic improvement in speech has been noted in the remaining forty-seven patients. While it is difficult to compare the speech results to other procedures, a significant finding has been achievement of satisfactory speech in all nine patients referred for correction after failure with superiorly or inferiorly based flaps. Muscle survival, as evidenced by consistent electromyograph studies, demonstrated functioning double pharyngeal sphincters to control airway shunting during rapid spontaneous speech. The use of transverse pharyngeal flaps offers an obturator effect and the added benefit of active muscle for airstream control in speech function to correct nasality in cleft palate patients. Preservation of the integrity of the neuromuscular component of these pedicles assures survival of the tissue mass for its obturator effect. A modified procedure has been adapted for patients with failure of production of acceptable speech, after using inferiorly or superiorly based flaps.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cleft Palate; Electromyography; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Palate; Pharynx; Speech Disorders
PubMed: 1053961
DOI: No ID Found -
Infection and Immunity Jun 1993As the initial step in infection, group A streptococci (GAS) colonize either the nasopharyngeal mucosa or the skin of humans. A number of virulence factors have been...
As the initial step in infection, group A streptococci (GAS) colonize either the nasopharyngeal mucosa or the skin of humans. A number of virulence factors have been implicated in the colonization phase of pathogenesis based upon their in vitro activities, but the in vivo data supporting their role in colonization of the host tissues is lacking. In this investigation, the potential requirement for M protein in pharyngeal colonization by GAS was explored by using near-isogenic strains in experimental animals studies. Fischer rats were infected by intranasal and oral inoculation with both M-positive and M-negative Streptococcus pyogenes strains. Colonization of the pharyngeal area by the streptococci was monitored at various time intervals. Both M-positive and M-negative strains colonized during the first week following infection, indicating that M protein was not necessary for this initial colonization. Two M-positive strains of S. pyogenes were recovered from the rats up to 23 weeks following inoculation, while the colonization levels for M-negative strains decreased rapidly in the second and third weeks, becoming negligible by the fourth week. This indicates a potential role for M protein in the persistence of colonization at this mucosal surface. Colonization of rats with either M-positive strain of S. pyogenes also resulted in the appearance of salivary and serum antibody responses. This in vivo model should allow further investigation into factors required for GAS disease, including the examination of the potential role of the host immune response both in modulation of the pharyngeal surface and in modulation of antigenic changes in M protein or other surface factors.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, Surface; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Carrier Proteins; Endopeptidases; Female; Mucous Membrane; Pharynx; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Species Specificity; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 8500869
DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.6.2277-2283.1993 -
Journal of the American Dental... Dec 1949
Topics: Face; Humans; Mouth; Mucous Membrane; Pharynx; Radiation
PubMed: 15407061
DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1949.0172 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Nov 1991In dogs tracheal secretion is enhanced reflexly and by locally acting mediators such as substance P (SP). To evaluate the role of these mechanisms on submucosal gland...
In dogs tracheal secretion is enhanced reflexly and by locally acting mediators such as substance P (SP). To evaluate the role of these mechanisms on submucosal gland secretion in the larynx (L) and pharynx (Ph), we compared the effects of mechanical stimulation of intrapulmonary irritant receptors and stimulation of pulmonary C-fiber receptors by capsaicin (20 micrograms/kg iv) with the response produced by intravenous SP. In six alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated dogs, submucosal gland secretion was monitored by analyzing the areas covered by hillocks of liquid and calculating the volume of secreted liquid (microliter) in the L and Ph. Mechanical stimulation of the carina increased both the number of hillocks and the volume of secreted liquid in the L. Excitation of pulmonary C-fiber receptors also increased the number of hillocks, and total volume of secreted liquid was elevated from 1.9 +/- 0.5 to 8.3 +/- 1.4 microliters (P less than 0.01). These responses were significantly reduced by prior cervical vagotomy and intravenous administration of atropine. Neither stimulation of irritant receptors nor stimulation of pulmonary C-fiber receptors caused discernible effects on Ph submucosal gland secretion. However, intravenous SP increased the number of Ph hillocks and elevated the volume of secreted Ph liquid from 1.0 +/- 0.6 to 10.2 +/- 1 microliters (P less than 0.01); similar responses to intravenous SP were observed in the L. Prior intravenous administration of atropine methylnitrate or bilateral vagotomy did not alter Ph or L secretory responses to intravenous SP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Exocrine Glands; Female; Larynx; Lung; Male; Mucous Membrane; Nerve Fibers; Pharynx; Physical Stimulation; Reflex; Substance P
PubMed: 1722199
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1669 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Sep 2009Eosinophilic oesophagitis is thought to be an isolated oesophageal disease associated with biopsy-verified eosinophilia of the squamous cell epithelium of the...
BACKGROUND
Eosinophilic oesophagitis is thought to be an isolated oesophageal disease associated with biopsy-verified eosinophilia of the squamous cell epithelium of the oesophagus. Food- or aeroallergens have been suggested to be the cause of eosinophilic oesophagitis; however, as these allergens pass through the pharynx sharing the same squamous cell epithelium, eosinophilic infiltration could be expected also here. Whether this is true or not has hitherto not been clarified.
AIM
To find out whether eosinophilia is present also within the pharyngeal epithelium in patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis.
METHODS
In all, 10 patients (median age 34, range 15-70) with biopsy-verified eosinophilic oesophagitis [peak count >20 eosinophils per high power field (hpf)] were biopsied also in the pharynx. The biopsies underwent histopathological examination and at each level, the peak number of eosinophils per hpf was counted.
RESULTS
None of the patients examined was found to have eosinophilia within the squamous cell epithelium of the pharynx (median peak count 0, range 0-1).
CONCLUSIONS
The pronounced eosinophilic infiltration in eosinophilic oesophagitis appears to be an isolated oesophageal phenomenon not shared by the adjoining organ sites and in particular, not by the pharynx. This may have implications for future research.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Esophagitis; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Pharynx; Young Adult
PubMed: 19508404
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04059.x -
Journal of Anatomy Jul 1965
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Asian People; Child; Humans; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Nasal Mucosa; Nasopharynx; Singapore; White People
PubMed: 5857093
DOI: No ID Found