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Neuroimaging Clinics of North America Nov 2022The pharynx is a complex muscular structure allowing breathing, swallowing, as well speech through common airspace. The normal imaging appearance of the pharynx and... (Review)
Review
The pharynx is a complex muscular structure allowing breathing, swallowing, as well speech through common airspace. The normal imaging appearance of the pharynx and cervical esophagus can be challenging given the numerous interleaved surrounding muscles and numerous connections. This article presents the imaging anatomy of the pharynx and cervical esophagus and also discusses the clinical relevance of selected anatomical structures that have important significance in disease development and extension.
Topics: Esophagus; Humans; Hypopharynx; Neck; Pharynx
PubMed: 36244724
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2022.07.022 -
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Jul 2013
Review
Topics: Female; Gastroscopy; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Hypopharynx; Laryngoscopy; Male; Nasopharynx; Needs Assessment; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Pharynx
PubMed: 23582474
DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.02.021 -
B-ENT 2016Direct and indirect injuries of the pharynx and larynx. The neck is characterized by a relatively complex anatomy and a very compact content. It therefore forms an... (Review)
Review
Direct and indirect injuries of the pharynx and larynx. The neck is characterized by a relatively complex anatomy and a very compact content. It therefore forms an extremely vulnerable part of the human body. Although uncommon, aero-digestive tract injuries caused by trauma present a challenging situation for both the emergency doctor and the head and neck surgeon. Clinical presentations may vary from severe acute distress with immediate life-threatening airway obstruction to apparently more reassuring situations. However, the latter turn out to be frequently misleading, since patients may deteriorate suddenly as the result of unrecognized injuries. In such cases, delayed diagnosis is often associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Due to its role in phonation, breathing and alimentation, injuries to the aero-digestive tract also expose the patient to severe later impairment and a poorer quality of life. Comprehensive airway control remains the highest and often most challenging priority for the emergency physician. Careful clinical examination combined with endoscopy and computed tomography imaging form the key elements in diagnosis and early recognition of patients who may require surgical management.
Topics: Airway Management; Dyspnea; Endoscopy; Humans; Larynx; Neck; Pharynx; Physical Examination; Wounds, Nonpenetrating; Wounds, Penetrating
PubMed: 29558577
DOI: No ID Found -
Ontogenez 2009The obtained and published data on pharynx regeneration in planarians have been reviewed. Planarians can regenerate from a small body fragment and restore all missing... (Review)
Review
The obtained and published data on pharynx regeneration in planarians have been reviewed. Planarians can regenerate from a small body fragment and restore all missing organs including the pharynx. The pharynx is a relatively autonomous organ with a differentiated structure and specialized function. Pharynx regeneration has specific features, and its studies are of considerable theoretical interest. Pharynx regeneration can also be a convenient model to study the molecular mechanisms of regeneration that remain undisclosed. In addition, this model can be used to test biologically active compounds in order to elucidate their effect on morphogenesis. This subject of investigation benefits by a simpler and more adequate analysis as well as a possibility to use large numbers of animals and small quantities of analyzed substances.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Ganglia, Invertebrate; Pharynx; Planarians; Regeneration
PubMed: 19326839
DOI: No ID Found -
Dysphagia 1993When a swallowed liquid bolus is followed from mouth to stomach in man by contrast studies or manometry, it traverses its course without hesitation even though the bolus... (Review)
Review
When a swallowed liquid bolus is followed from mouth to stomach in man by contrast studies or manometry, it traverses its course without hesitation even though the bolus is propelled by striated muscle contraction in the first part of its journey and smooth muscle in the latter part. The striated muscle is innervated by excitatory cholinergic nicotinic cranial nerves whereas the smooth muscle of the esophagus is innervated by the enteric nervous system (ENS) through excitatory and inhibitory nerves. These differences can be demonstrated by observing the inhibitory effects of curare and atropine, the first blocking nicotinic receptors and the second muscarinic receptors. Early students of esophageal motility recognized that peristalsis could be initiated in two ways. The first is initiated by a swallow and is called primary peristalsis and the second called secondary peristalsis is initiated by distension of the esophagus. It was proposed that primary peristalsis was initiated by a single sensory input activated by the bolus entering the pharynx which in turn activated a motor program in the brain stem. Secondary peristalsis was believed to be stimulated by multiple afferent impulses arriving from the esophagus as the bolus passed down the esophagus. More recent studies using manometric techniques have suggested that the only difference between primary and secondary peristalsis is the afferent stimuli and the effector mechanism is the same. Subsequent studies of carefully timed, paired swallows, transection of vagus nerves and esophagus, and single nerve recordings suggest that the answer lies between the two extremes noted above.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Deglutition; Esophagus; Humans; Peristalsis; Pharynx
PubMed: 8467727
DOI: 10.1007/BF02266983 -
Nature Communications Nov 2023Even slight imbalance between the growth rate of different organs can accumulate to a large deviation from their appropriate size during development. Here, we use live...
Even slight imbalance between the growth rate of different organs can accumulate to a large deviation from their appropriate size during development. Here, we use live imaging of the pharynx of C. elegans to ask if and how organ size scaling nevertheless remains uniform among individuals. Growth trajectories of hundreds of individuals reveal that pharynxes grow by a near constant volume per larval stage that is independent of their initial size, such that undersized pharynxes catch-up in size during development. Tissue-specific depletion of RAGA-1, an activator of mTOR and growth, shows that maintaining correct pharynx-to-body size proportions involves a bi-directional coupling between pharynx size and body growth. In simulations, this coupling cannot be explained by limitation of food uptake alone, and genetic experiments reveal an involvement of the mechanotransducing transcriptional co-regulator yap-1. Our data suggests that mechanotransduction coordinates pharynx growth with other tissues, ensuring body plan uniformity among individuals.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Pharynx; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; YAP-Signaling Proteins
PubMed: 37985670
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43230-1 -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... Apr 2019Based on a review of the medical literature, the authors document the key technical points, variants, technical errors to avoid and main functional results of lateral...
Based on a review of the medical literature, the authors document the key technical points, variants, technical errors to avoid and main functional results of lateral pharyngotomy for resection of cancers originating from the lateral oro and/or hypopharynx.
Topics: Anatomic Landmarks; Humans; Medical Illustration; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Pharynx
PubMed: 30482706
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2018.10.011 -
Radiologic Clinics of North America Nov 1993Swallowing requires the coordinated action of the alimentary tract from the oral cavity to the gastroesophageal junction. Any structural or functional abnormality along... (Review)
Review
Swallowing requires the coordinated action of the alimentary tract from the oral cavity to the gastroesophageal junction. Any structural or functional abnormality along this pathway will interfere with swallowing. The "barium swallow" or pharyngoesophagogram requires examination of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and gastric cardia.
Topics: Contrast Media; Deglutition; Esophageal Diseases; Esophagus; Humans; Methods; Pharyngeal Diseases; Pharynx; Radiography
PubMed: 8210350
DOI: No ID Found -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... Mar 1987This superbly illustrated article is an invaluable guide to the interpretation of double contrast pharyngograms.
This superbly illustrated article is an invaluable guide to the interpretation of double contrast pharyngograms.
Topics: Barium Sulfate; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Pharyngeal Diseases; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Pharynx; Radiography
PubMed: 3448633
DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.7.2.3448633 -
Der Radiologe Jul 2000The pharynx, being part of the digestive as well as the respiratory system, is embedded in the complex spatial anatomy of the neck and, due to its function and location,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The pharynx, being part of the digestive as well as the respiratory system, is embedded in the complex spatial anatomy of the neck and, due to its function and location, represents a very sophisticated region.
DIAGNOSIS
Cross-sectional imaging with CT and MR imaging plays an indispensable complementary role to clinical work-up, as far as submucosal and deep cervical spaces are concerned. However, as dysphagia is a common symptom in clinical practice, interpretation of double contrast studies and videofluoroscopic investigations are also on frequent demand in the daily routine.
CONCLUSION
Close interdisciplinary co-operation and the radiologist's familiarity with the anatomy of the region are required in order to use the diagnostic tools in an optimal fashion.
Topics: Cineradiography; Deglutition; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pharynx; Reference Values; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Video Recording
PubMed: 10955290
DOI: 10.1007/s001170050781