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NIDA Research Monograph Aug 1978
Review
Topics: Behavior; Central Nervous System; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chronic Disease; Humans; Phencyclidine; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 101864
DOI: No ID Found -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Oct 2005For the first time in ten years, phencyclidine (PCP) has been confiscated in Norway. Physicians should be aware of this substance when treating intoxications. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
For the first time in ten years, phencyclidine (PCP) has been confiscated in Norway. Physicians should be aware of this substance when treating intoxications.
METHODS
Relevant literature was identified by search in Medline. This review presents the pharmacological properties and effects of phencyclidine as well as symptoms and treatment of phencyclidine intoxication.
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
Phencyclidine exhibits hallucinogenic, depressant and stimulant properties. Phencyclidine interacts as an antagonist to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the central nervous system. Severe NMDA receptor hypofunction can elicit clinical symptoms similar to a schizophrenic episode.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Hallucinogens; Humans; Phencyclidine; Phencyclidine Abuse; Psychotic Disorders; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 16244678
DOI: No ID Found -
ACS Chemical Neuroscience Oct 2018Phencyclidine (PCP, "angel dust", an arylcyclohexylamine) was the first non-natural, man-made illicit drug of abuse, and was coined 'the most dangerous drug in America"... (Review)
Review
Phencyclidine (PCP, "angel dust", an arylcyclohexylamine) was the first non-natural, man-made illicit drug of abuse, and was coined 'the most dangerous drug in America" in the late 1970s (amidst sensational horror stories of the drug's effects); however, few other illicit drugs have had such a significant and broad impact on society-both good and bad. Originally developed as a new class of anesthetic, PCP-derived psychosis gave way to the PCP hypothesis of schizophrenia (later coined the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis or the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia), which continues to drive therapeutic discovery for schizophrenia today. PCP also led to the discovery of ketamine (and a new paradigm for the treatment of major depression), as well as other illicit, designer drugs, such as methoxetamine (MXE) and a new wave of Internet commerce for illicit drugs (sold as research chemicals, or RCs). Furthermore, PCP is a significant contaminant/additive of many illegal drugs sold today, due to its ease of preparation by clandestine chemists. Here, we will review the history, importance, synthesis (both legal and clandestine), pharmacology, drug metabolism, and folklore of PCP, a true DARK classic in chemical neuroscience.
Topics: Glutamic Acid; Hallucinogens; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Phencyclidine; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 29953199
DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00266 -
Psychiatric Medicine Jun 1984Phencyclidine (PCP), discovered in Germany during the 1920s, has become over the past four decades the number one drug of abuse in the United States. While briefly... (Review)
Review
Phencyclidine (PCP), discovered in Germany during the 1920s, has become over the past four decades the number one drug of abuse in the United States. While briefly showing promise as being the "ultimate" anasthetic agent during the late 1950s, it very quickly fell into disfavor because of untoward side-effects during post-anesthetic emergence (1960s). Some few years later (1970s), PCP began its ascent in the illicit drug market. PCP is a drug with a broad range of pharmacological activity. It has been implicated as a major cause of psychiatric decompensation and has a number of clinical syndromes described in the literature. In addition, PCP has been shown to cause significant medical morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Phencyclidine; Phencyclidine Abuse
PubMed: 6400596
DOI: No ID Found -
Drug Metabolism ReviewsPCP is metabolized extensively in the body via a variety of metabolic routes. Biotransformation is a major mechanism of PCP elimination in humans and termination of PCP... (Review)
Review
PCP is metabolized extensively in the body via a variety of metabolic routes. Biotransformation is a major mechanism of PCP elimination in humans and termination of PCP action in mice. In general, PCP metabolites are less active pharmacologically than PCP itself. Primary metabolism involves hydroxylation of the alicyclic rings at several carbon atoms by cytochrome P-450-mediated monooxygenase. Hydroxylation of the aromatic ring seems to be less likely and has not been conclusively demonstrated. Hydroxylation of PCP at carbon 2 of the piperidine ring to form the unstable carbinolamine leads to formation of a series of polar, open-ring compounds. Monohydroxylated metabolites are conjugated with glucuronic or sulfuric acid, or are further hydroxylated to dihydroxy derivatives that can also be subject to conjugation. Formation of highly reactive electrophilic metabolites of PCP have been demonstrated in vitro in microsomal preparations. Covalent modification of tissue macromolecules by reactive intermediates can be responsible for suicide inactivation of cytochrome P-450 and can possibly mediate some long-term toxic effects of PCP. PCP inhaled by cigarette smoking is metabolized via similar routes. About 50% of the PCP in cigarette smoke is converted to PC, a major product of thermal degradation of PCP. PC and its hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites appear to contribute little to the pharmacology or acute toxicity of PCP.
Topics: Animals; Biotransformation; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Glutathione; Humans; Hydroxylation; Mice; Oxidation-Reduction; Phencyclidine; Rabbits; Rats; Smoking
PubMed: 3914938
DOI: 10.3109/03602538508991437 -
Critical Reviews in Toxicology Apr 1982
Review
Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Behavior; Behavior, Animal; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Humans; Kinetics; Mental Disorders; Phencyclidine; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 7044685
DOI: 10.3109/10408448209041322 -
Nature Jun 1980
Topics: Behavior; Brain; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phencyclidine; Receptors, Drug; Schizophrenia; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 7189825
DOI: 10.1038/285355a0 -
Bulletin on Narcotics 1974
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bradycardia; Depression; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug and Narcotic Control; Hallucinations; Haplorhini; Hemodynamics; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Mice; Nausea; Phencyclidine; Psychopharmacology; Rats; Respiration; Schizophrenia; Seizures; Species Specificity; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 4217204
DOI: No ID Found -
JACEP Apr 1978The potential for a pharmacologic "overdose" and the cause of death associated with phencyclidine abuse is discussed. Nineteen deaths associated exclusively with...
The potential for a pharmacologic "overdose" and the cause of death associated with phencyclidine abuse is discussed. Nineteen deaths associated exclusively with phencyclidine intoxication have been documented. In 13 cases the immediate cause of death was asphyxia by drowning or trauma with lower levels of phencyclidine present suggesting behavioral toxicity. In two cases, the presence of phencyclidine in high concentrations constituted the only finding, and the probable cause of death was primary respiratory depression accompanied by seizure activity. A secondary drug effect or concurrent disease process may have contributed to the death of the remaining four individuals.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Phencyclidine; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 633686
DOI: 10.1016/s0361-1124(78)80304-9 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Feb 1978Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative veterinary anesthetic and tranquilizer that at present is being abused as a psychedelic and hallucinogenic agent with increasing...
Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative veterinary anesthetic and tranquilizer that at present is being abused as a psychedelic and hallucinogenic agent with increasing frequency. The cases of two young patients suffering from phencyclidine toxicity are reported. In each, central nervous system depression was accompanied by an acute dystonic motor reaction resulting in acute rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Skeletal muscle injury was felt to be the result of excessive involuntary isometrimc motor activity rather than a direct effect of phencyclidine on skeletal muscle. Patients suffering from phencyclidine intoxication should be screened for acute rhabdomyolysis. Phencyclidine intoxication should be included in the differential of nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and should be considered among the potential causes of acute myoglobinuric renal failure.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Myoglobinuria; Phencyclidine; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 626451
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-88-2-210