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Journal of Analytical Toxicology Oct 2006
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Forensic Toxicology; Hallucinogens; Humans; Male; Nails; Phencyclidine; Phencyclidine Abuse; Substance Abuse Detection
PubMed: 17132267
DOI: 10.1093/jat/30.8.643 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Oct 1989
Topics: Adult; Coma; Humans; Male; Phencyclidine; Rhabdomyolysis; Seizures
PubMed: 2774390
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-7-613 -
Bulletin (National Clearinghouse For... May 1978
Topics: Humans; Phencyclidine; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 652028
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) Nov 20153-Methoxy-phencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) and 4-methoxy-phencyclidine (4-MeO-PCP) are analogs of and drug substitutes for the dissociative substance PCP ("Angel dust"), a... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
3-Methoxy-phencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) and 4-methoxy-phencyclidine (4-MeO-PCP) are analogs of and drug substitutes for the dissociative substance PCP ("Angel dust"), a recreational drug that was most popular in the 1970s. In Sweden, use of methoxylated PCP analogs was noted starting in mid-2013, according to statistics from the Poisons Information Centre. The objective of this case series was to present clinical and bioanalytical data from analytically confirmed non-fatal intoxications associated with 3-MeO-PCP and/or 4-MeO-PCP within the STRIDA project.
STUDY DESIGN
Observational case series of consecutive patients with self-reported or suspected exposure to new psychoactive substances (NPS) and who require hospital care.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Blood and urine samples were collected from intoxicated patients presenting at emergency departments (ED) or intensive care units (ICU) all over Sweden. NPS analysis was performed by multicomponent liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) and LC-high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS) methods. Data on clinical features were collected during Poisons Information Centre consultations and retrieved from medical records.
RESULTS
The Poisons Information Centre registered its first call related to methoxylated PCP analogs in July 2013, while analytically confirmed cases first appeared in October 2013. From July 2013 to March 2015, 1243 cases of suspected NPS intoxication originating from ED or ICU were enrolled in the STRIDA project. During the 21-month period, 56 (4.5%) patients tested positive for 3-MeO-PCP and 11 (0.9%) for 4-MeO-PCP; 8 of these cases involved both substances. The 59 patients were aged 14-55 (median: 26) years and 51 (86%) were men. Co-exposure to other NPSs and/or classical drugs of abuse was common with only 7 cases (12%) indicated to be 3-MeO-PCP single-substance intoxications; prominent clinical signs seen in the latter cases were hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; 7 cases), tachycardia (≥ 100/min; 5 cases), and altered mental status (4 cases) including confusion, disorientation, dissociation, and/or hallucinations. Mixed-drug users displayed not only the same clinical features, but also more sympathomimetic effects including agitation (38%) and dilated pupils (33%). Patients testing positive for 3-/4-MeO-PCP were typically under medical care for 1-2 days (85%), and 37% of all cases were graded as severe intoxications (Poisoning Severity Score 3). Besides standard supportive therapy, 49% of the patients were treated with benzodiazepines and/or propofol.
CONCLUSION
Laboratory analysis constitutes an important basis for the assessment of NPS hazard and availability. The adverse effects noted in cases of acute intoxications involving 3- and/or 4-MeO-PCP resembled those of other dissociatives such as PCP, ketamine, and methoxetamine. However, similar to intoxications involving other NPS, poly-substance use was found to be common.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Overdose; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phencyclidine; Phencyclidine Abuse; Poison Control Centers; Predictive Value of Tests; Severity of Illness Index; Substance Abuse Detection; Sweden; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 26295489
DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1079325 -
Life Sciences 1994The role of phencyclidine (PCP) in the control of the spike-and-wave spindling episodes (S&W) which can be spontaneously recorded in the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of...
The role of phencyclidine (PCP) in the control of the spike-and-wave spindling episodes (S&W) which can be spontaneously recorded in the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of DBA/2J mice was investigated. PCP (0.1-0.5-1.0-5.0 mg/kg/i.p.) dose dependently reduced both S&W number and duration of DBA/2J mice. PCP reduction is significant 30-60 min after drug administration and lasts for the whole duration of the recording period (240 min). These results suggest that PCP may play an important regulatory role on brain excitability.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred DBA; Phencyclidine
PubMed: 8152322
DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00423-4 -
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1988Either phencyclidine (PCP) (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) or saline was administered SC to pregnant CF-1 mice during either MID (E6-E15) or LATE (E12-E18) gestation. Because of...
Either phencyclidine (PCP) (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) or saline was administered SC to pregnant CF-1 mice during either MID (E6-E15) or LATE (E12-E18) gestation. Because of the reported prolonged persistence of PCP in adult tissues we first determined its half-life in fetal brain for both treatment periods. PCP appeared rapidly in fetal tissues after maternal administration but was not detected after 8 hours. Then, other treated and control litters were fostered to untreated controls, growth determined and the ontogeny of isolation-induced aggressive behavior examined. Subteratogenic doses of PCP produced mild maternal toxicity without lethality. There was an apparent selective embryolethal effect on males but PCP did not produce an effect on postnatal growth. Prenatal PCP did not alter the ontogeny or intensity of isolation-induced aggressive behavior in male offspring. The results are discussed in relation to other prenatal studies of PCP toxicity and teratogenicity.
Topics: Aggression; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Fetus; Male; Phencyclidine; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Social Isolation
PubMed: 3226378
DOI: 10.1016/0892-0362(88)90038-4 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Nov 1982Subeffective doses (0.5 mg) of 3H-phencyclidine (PCP) were given intravenously to three healthy men under two regimens designed to alkalinize or acidify their urine...
Subeffective doses (0.5 mg) of 3H-phencyclidine (PCP) were given intravenously to three healthy men under two regimens designed to alkalinize or acidify their urine (oral sodium bicarbonate or ammonium chloride). The concentrations of PCP and its metabolites in saliva, plasma, and urine for 7 hr after injection were determined by high-performance liquid radiochromatography. A sample of perspiration from one subject was analyzed. The effects of physical exercise on the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of PCP were also studied. Multiple linear regression analysis showed the logarithm of renal clearance the renal clearance of PCP. PCP and its metabolites are also excreted in perspiration. Our results support clinical reports of the importance of vigorous acidification of urine and diuresis in treatment of PCP intoxication.
Topics: Adult; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Phencyclidine; Physical Exertion; Regression Analysis; Sweat
PubMed: 7128004
DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1982.214 -
Neurobiology of Disease Jun 2004Acute phencyclidine induces schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy humans and psychotic episodes in schizophrenics. Although phencyclidine is known as a N-methyl...
Acute phencyclidine induces schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy humans and psychotic episodes in schizophrenics. Although phencyclidine is known as a N-methyl d-aspartate receptor antagonist (NMDA-R), the molecular events underlying the behavioral symptoms remain largely unknown. Statistical analysis of oligonucleotide microarray data was used to identify phencyclidine-induced alterations in rat cortical gene expression. Acute phencyclidine produced a statistically significant change in 477 genes in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain area associated with cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenics. Real-time quantitative PCR (RTQ-PCR) confirmed a subset of these changes ranging from -59% to 255% (smallest confirmation: -19%). Subsequent time-course and dose-response studies using RTQ-PCR confirmed and extended the original microarray results. At the molecular level, genes altered by phencyclidine are related to diverse biological processes including stress, inflammatory response, growth and development, neural plasticity and signal transduction. Further analysis, aimed at assessing the relevance of our results to schizophrenia, revealed dysregulation of genes related to: (i) thalamocortical projections, (ii) neurotransmission and neuromodulation, (iii) thyroid hormone activity, (iv) oligodendrocyte linage, (v) brain lipid metabolism, (vi) sleep architecture and (viii) the velocardiofacial syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Phencyclidine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 15207279
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.01.011 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Nov 1977Phencyclidine appears to be unique in action compared with other psychedelic drugs, and its effects are less dependent upon the individual's personality than are the...
Phencyclidine appears to be unique in action compared with other psychedelic drugs, and its effects are less dependent upon the individual's personality than are the effects of LSD or mescaline. The authors discuss the sensory, psychological, and behavioral symptoms of phencyclidine intoxication. Most cases are of short duration and the only treatment necessary may be observation together with minimal stimulation and diazepam. However, prolonged and severe behavioral disturbances, exaggeration of preexisting thought disorder, and serious medical complications commonly occur and must be considered in the treatment plan.
Topics: Cognition; Diazepam; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Personality; Phencyclidine; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Sensation; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors
PubMed: 910974
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.134.11.1234 -
Federation Proceedings Jun 1983Administration of small doses of radiolabeled phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP X HCl) to normal volunteers has resulted in basic information on the disposition of PCP in...
Administration of small doses of radiolabeled phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP X HCl) to normal volunteers has resulted in basic information on the disposition of PCP in humans. The drug and its metabolites were excreted mainly in the urine whether it was given orally or i.v. (73 +/- 4% of dose was recovered in urine after i.v. administration of 1 mg), with very little fecal excretion (3-5%) and some excretion in sweat. Oral bioavailability was 72 +/- 8%. Major metabolic pathways found involved hydroxylation of the cyclohexane and piperidine rings followed by conjugation. Oxidation to an aminopentanoic acid also occurred. PCP and phenylcyclohexene were inhaled when PCP was smoked. For PCP the weighted mean apparent terminal rate constant (beta) was 0.0395 +/- 0.0008 h-1 for 16 subjects, equivalent to a half-life of 17.6 h, but 2 subjects had half-lives of over 2 days. The volume of distribution (Vd, beta) was 6.2 +/- 0.3 liters/kg. At usual urinary pH, PCP excretion represented less than 10% of total clearance, but marked lowering of urinary pH can significantly increase the contribution of renal clearance to overall clearance.
Topics: Feces; Half-Life; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Injections, Intravenous; Kinetics; Male; Phencyclidine; Saliva; Smoking; Sweat; Tritium
PubMed: 6852275
DOI: No ID Found