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Polymers May 2021Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)/polyethersulfone (PES) blends are initially not miscible, except when the blends are prepared by solvent mixing. We propose a route to...
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)/polyethersulfone (PES) blends are initially not miscible, except when the blends are prepared by solvent mixing. We propose a route to elaborate PEEK/PES blends with partial miscibility by melt mixing at 375 °C with phenolphthalein. The miscibility of blends has been examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA). When adding phenolphthalein to PEEK/PES blends, the glass transitions are shifted inward as an indication of miscibility. We suggest that phenolphthalein acts as a compatibilizer by creating cardo side groups on PEEK and PES chains by nucleophilic substitution in the melted state, although this condensation reaction was reported only in the solvent until now. In addition, phenolphthalein acts as a plasticizer for PES by decreasing its glass transition. As a consequence, the PEEK phase is softened which favors the crystallization as the increase of crystalline rate. Due to aromatic moieties in phenolphthalein, the storage modulus of blends in the glassy region is kept identical to pure PEEK. The morphological analysis by SEM pictures displays nano- to microsized PES spherical domains in the PEEK matrix with improved PEEK/PES interfacial adhesion.
PubMed: 34062773
DOI: 10.3390/polym13091466 -
Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Aug 2022Herein, we report a new phenolphthalein appended Schiff base (PASB) as reversible fluorescent sensor for the detection of pyrophosphate (PPi) ions through the metal...
Herein, we report a new phenolphthalein appended Schiff base (PASB) as reversible fluorescent sensor for the detection of pyrophosphate (PPi) ions through the metal displacement mechanism. PASB showed sensing exclusively toward Al ions in DMF/HO (v/v = 1/4, pH 5.5) solution, which resulted in a significant fluorescence enhancement at 540 nm. The 1: 2 binding stoichiometry for the complex formation between PASB and Al was confirmed by Job's plot and mass spectroscopic studies. Moreover, a solution of the in situ formed PASB-Al complex displayed a high selectivity to PPi. The addition of PPi to PASB-Al ensemble significantly quenched its fluorescence. Thus, a dual response was established based on "Off-On-Off" strategy for detection of both Al and PPi. The detection limit is 5.86 nM and 26 nM for Al and PPi, respectively. On this basis, we use PASB to detect Al in food samples. Furthermore, PASB was successfully applicable to detect Al and PPi for intracellular imaging in Human liver cancer cells.
Topics: Diphosphates; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Phenolphthalein; Schiff Bases; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
PubMed: 35397452
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121174 -
Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics Dec 2008Phenolphthalein is frequently used laxative drug since 1930s, but the possible teratogenic effect of phenolphthalein was not checked in casecontrol eptedmiological...
Phenolphthalein is frequently used laxative drug since 1930s, but the possible teratogenic effect of phenolphthalein was not checked in casecontrol eptedmiological study. In addition US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared the mutagenic and carcinogenic effect of phenolphthalein in 1999, thus we decided to evaluate the birth outcomes particularly congenital abnormalities (CAs) of newborn infants born to women treated with phenolphthalein during pregnancy. Cases with CA and their matched controls without CA born to mothers with phenolphthalein use during pregnancy were compared in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities. Of 22,843 cases with CA, 191 (0.83%) while of 38,151 controls, 247 (0.64%) were born to mothers with phenolphthalein treatment (adjusted OR with 95% CI: 1.3, 1.0-1.5). The mean gestational week at delivery was somewhat longer in both the case (0.3 week) and control (0.2 week) groups while the mean birth weight was somewhat larger in cases (46 g) and controls (12 g) born to mothers with phenolphthalein treatment during the study pregnancy compared with mothers without phenolphthalein treatment. These differences were in agreement with the lower rate of preterm births and low birth weight in controls born to mothers with phenolphthalein treatment during pregnancy. The detailed analysis of different CA groups showed an association between maternal phenolphthalein treatment during pregnancy and a higher risk for Hirschsprung's disease (p = 0.01) based on 4 cases in the so-called other isolated CA-group. In conclusion phenolphthalein treatment in pregnant women associates with a higher risk for Hirschsprung's disease in their children, but this finding is only a signal which needs confirmation or rejection in other studies.
PubMed: 22504746
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Crystallographica. Section C,... Apr 1998Phenolphthalein, C20H14O4, crystallized in the noncentrosymmetric space group Pna2(1) with two crystallographically inequivalent molecules. Each of these is linked to...
Phenolphthalein, C20H14O4, crystallized in the noncentrosymmetric space group Pna2(1) with two crystallographically inequivalent molecules. Each of these is linked to four others of its own type by four hydrogen bonds having Odonor...Oacceptor distances ranging from 2.631 (4) to 2.787 (4) A. While chains of hydrogen bonds propagate in a number of directions in this structure, cyclic hydrogen bonding is not observed. 3',3"-Dinitrophenolphthalein, C20H12N2O8, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group Pbcn with a single molecule in the asymmetric unit. Each molecule is linked to three others by four hydrogen bonds having Odonor...Oacceptor distances ranging from 2.572 (4) to 3.274 (3) A. Although chains of hydrogen bonds are prominent in this structure, cyclic hydrogen bonding also occurs and forms dimers. As expected on the basis of the excess of potential acceptor O atoms over donors in both structures, significant C-H...O interactions are also abundant.
Topics: Cathartics; Crystallography, X-Ray; Hydrogen Bonding; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 9604310
DOI: 10.1107/s0108270197015771 -
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis Jun 2013Aneuploidy is a major cause of human reproductive failure and plays a large role in cancer. Phenolphthalein (PHT) induces tumors in rodents but its primary mechanism...
Aneuploidy is a major cause of human reproductive failure and plays a large role in cancer. Phenolphthalein (PHT) induces tumors in rodents but its primary mechanism does not seem to be DNA damage. In heterozygous TSG-p53(®) mice, PHT induces lymphomas and also micronuclei (MN), many containing kinetochores (K), implying chromosome loss (aneuploidy). The induction of aneuploidy would be compatible with the loss of the normal p53 gene seen in the lymphomas. In this study, we confirm PHT's aneugenicity and determine the aneugenic mechanism of PHT by combining traditional genetic toxicology assays with image and flow cytometry methods. The data revealed that PHT induces tubulin polymerization abnormalities and deregulates the centrosome duplication cycle causing centrosome amplification. We also show that one of the consequences of these events is apoptosis.
Topics: Aneuploidy; Animals; Apoptosis; Blotting, Western; CHO Cells; Cell Line; Centrosome; Cricetinae; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Mice; Mutagenicity Tests; Phenolphthalein; Tubulin
PubMed: 23677914
DOI: 10.1002/em.21781 -
Pediatric Emergency Care Jul 2019A 5-year-old female with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy and a history of constipation presented to the emergency department with a new blistering buttocks rash, which...
A 5-year-old female with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy and a history of constipation presented to the emergency department with a new blistering buttocks rash, which was initially concerning for nonaccidental burn. Upon further investigation, it was found that Ex-Lax had been given to the patient for constipation. This had resulted in a bowel movement, which led to an irritant dermatitis. The patient was eventually diagnosed with senna-induced erosive diaper dermatitis. This case report highlights the importance of a thorough history and physical examination to prevent an unnecessary child abuse work-up.
Topics: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease; Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Constipation; Dermatitis, Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Female; Humans; Laxatives; Phenolphthalein
PubMed: 29746360
DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001498 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Oct 1994Phenolphthalein is widely used as a safe and effective laxative. After oral administration, phenolphthalein is absorbed in the small bowel and is conjugated in the liver... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Phenolphthalein is widely used as a safe and effective laxative. After oral administration, phenolphthalein is absorbed in the small bowel and is conjugated in the liver to phenolphthalein glucuronide which passes into the colon where it is deconjugated and the active compound, phenolphthalein, is released. Since phenolphthalein glucuronide does not undergo enterohepatic circulation it should theoretically have a more rapid onset of action and a lower threshold dose for laxation. The present study was designed to examine this issue.
METHODS
Ten normal healthy subjects volunteered for the study. All subjects were administered placebo, phenolphthalein (at doses of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 mg) or phenolphthalein glucuronide (at equivalent doses of 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 mg) in a random order. Stool weight, the frequency and consistency of stools, and the development of symptoms were recorded at 12-h intervals for 84 h.
RESULTS
There was a significant increase in the mean stool weight obtained within the first 24 h of administration of a 30 mg dose of phenolphthalein and its glucuronide equivalent compared to the values obtained with placebo. A further increase in the dose did not improve the therapeutic response. There was no difference between phenolphthalein and phenolphthalein glucuronide with respect to the rapidity of action, the threshold dose, effectiveness of laxation, or the frequency of adverse effects.
CONCLUSIONS
The therapeutic response and side effect profile of the different doses favoured 30 mg phenolphthalein as the optimum laxative dose. Although theoretically superior, phenolphthalein glucuronide was not found to be a more effective laxative compared to phenolphthalein in normal subjects.
Topics: Cathartics; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feces; Humans; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Single-Blind Method
PubMed: 7865650
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00331.x -
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of... Apr 2023Potential estrogenic effects and changes in fertility are some of the health problems associated with bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives used to produce some polymers,...
UNLABELLED
Potential estrogenic effects and changes in fertility are some of the health problems associated with bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives used to produce some polymers, including dental materials that contain Bis-GMA. Those issues drove this study proposing the synthesis of methacrylate resveratrol and phenolphthalein monomers that, combined with diluent monomers, generate copolymers. Their key characteristics were determined and analyzed on the chemical structure-property perspective considering monomer planarity and flexibility based on molecular dynamic simulations.
METHODS
Methacrylate resveratrol ((E)-5-(4-(methacryloyloxy)styryl)-1,3-phenylenebis(2-methylacrylate)), EMPM) and methacrylate phenolphthalein ((3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1,1-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene)bis(2-methylacrylate)), DIFPM) were synthesized through the reaction of precursors with methacryloyl chloride. After monomers purification and spectroscopic characterization (FTIR and NMR), the following copolymers were produced: DIFPM/TEGDMA and Bis-GMA/TEGDMA, EMPM/HEMA and Bis-GMA/HEMA. Microhardness, degree of conversion, water sorption and contact angle data were statistically analyzed through one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05).
RESULTS
The DIFPM molecular structure's reduced flexibility proved to be an important factor to inhibit TEGDMA cyclization. In turn, the EMPM molecule's high planarity modified the spatial organization of the HEMA copolymer, altering the water diffusion and, therefore, the water sorption when compared to Bis-GMA copolymers.
CONCLUSION
The scientific findings contribute to better understand the effect of monomer chemical structures, molecular geometry, and planarity on some physicochemical properties of copolymers. Knowledge that can contribute to the design of new monomers to replace Bis-GMA.
Topics: Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Resveratrol; Phenolphthalein; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Water; Composite Resins; Materials Testing; Dental Materials
PubMed: 36774763
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105701 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2019Seed companies are looking for promising, quick and effective alternatives to determine the physiological quality of seeds. The objective of the current work was to...
Seed companies are looking for promising, quick and effective alternatives to determine the physiological quality of seeds. The objective of the current work was to study the efficiency of the exudate - phenolphthalein pH test to evaluate the seeds of two lots of Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L. P. Queiroz var. ferrea. The statistical design for the the exudate - phenolphthalein pH test was completely randomized with four replicates of 50 seeds in a factorial design (2 x 5), two seed lots and five soaking periods (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes), respectively, using two constant temperatures (25 and 30°C). The percentage of viability and germination of the seeds did not differ in the temperatures of 25 and 30°C and in the soaking periods by the exudate - phenolphthalein pH test. Thus, it is recommended that the test be conducted for at least 30 minutes in distilled and deionized water at the constant temperature of 25 or 30°C to evaluate the vigor of the Libidibia ferrea.
Topics: Caesalpinia; Germination; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Phenolphthalein; Quality Control; Seeds; Temperature
PubMed: 31644643
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180734 -
Cancer Research Nov 1996Phenolphthalein (a triphenylmethane derivative) has been commonly used as a laxative for most of the twentieth century, but little is known about its long-term...
Phenolphthalein (a triphenylmethane derivative) has been commonly used as a laxative for most of the twentieth century, but little is known about its long-term carcinogenic potential in experimental studies. In our studies, phenolphthalein administered continuously in the feed for 2 years to F344 rats at doses of 0, 12,500, 25,000, and 50,000 ppm and to C57BL/6 x CH3 F1 (hereafter called B6C3F1) mice at doses of 0, 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 ppm caused multiple carcinogenic effects. Treatment-related neoplasms occurred in the kidney and adrenal medulla in male rats, adrenal medulla in female rats, hematopoietic system in male and female mice (histiocytic sarcomas and malignant lymphomas), and ovary of female mice. Phenolphthalein has been shown to have estrogenic and clastogenic properties. Previous studies of other estrogenic chemicals (e.g., zearalenone) in the F344 rat and B6C3F1 mouse have not shown the same spectrum of carcinogenic activity as that found with phenolphthalein, suggesting that phenolphthalein estrogenic activity alone is not responsible for the spectrum of tumors observed. It is more likely that the multiple biological properties of phenolphthalein, including its ability to form free radicals, its clastogenic activity, and its estrogenic activity, contributed to the carcinogenic effects observed. These studies show that phenolphthalein is a multisite/multispecies carcinogen. One of the sites for neoplasm that is of particular concern is the ovary, and epidemiology studies are under way to identify any potential effects of phenolphthalein exposure at this site in humans.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cathartics; Female; Hematopoietic System; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Neoplasms, Experimental; Ovarian Neoplasms; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Primary Myelofibrosis; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344
PubMed: 8895745
DOI: No ID Found