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Current Opinion in Psychology Dec 2022Sexual and romantic orientations and identities exist along a spectrum with varying degrees of compliance to traditional concepts of sex and romance. Recent... (Review)
Review
Sexual and romantic orientations and identities exist along a spectrum with varying degrees of compliance to traditional concepts of sex and romance. Recent investigations have focused on individuals who are not exclusive in their sexual and romantic lives-mostly straights and mostly gays/lesbians. Multi-disciplinary research reveals the diversity of individuals' internal and external sexual and romantic feelings and expressions. One corrective strategy is to scrap categorically based assessment tools and replace them with continuum measures that capture the multiplicity of individuals' sexual and romantic lives. Here I suggest several new measures that are more responsive to a spectrum approach.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid; Emotions; Phenolphthalein
PubMed: 36427401
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101503 -
Mutation Research Jan 1995Phenolphthalein was tested for the induction of micronucleated erythrocytes in mice. Results of an initial investigation revealed significant, dose-related increases in...
Phenolphthalein was tested for the induction of micronucleated erythrocytes in mice. Results of an initial investigation revealed significant, dose-related increases in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (MN-NCE) in peripheral blood samples of male and female mice exposed to 0.6% to 5% phenolphthalein (approximately 1100 to 10,000 mg/kg/day) in feed for 90 days (Dietz et al., 1992). Results from a second long-term feed study with Swiss CD-1 mice confirmed this effect. However, administration of comparable doses of phenolphthalein by corn oil gavage on two consecutive days gave negative results in a mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Subsequent tests were performed to clarify the conflicting results seen in the chronic exposure, dosed-feed, peripheral blood studies and the acute, corn oil gavage, bone marrow studies. Phenolphthalein was administered to male B6C3F1 mice in feed (3%) for 14 days. Peripheral blood samples taken at 4, 7, and 14 days all showed significant increases in micronucleated PCE; bone marrow samples taken on days 7 and 14 also were clearly positive for micronucleus induction. Therefore, comparable results were obtainable from both bone marrow and peripheral blood analyses. Because of the negative results in the two-exposure gavage test, additional tests were then designed to investigate the effects of bolus vs continuous dosing, feeding vs gavage administration, and corn oil vs feed as a carrier for phenolphthalein. Results of these tests indicated that the rate of exposure to phenolphthalein affects the frequency of induced MN-PCE and that micronucleated erythrocytes can be induced by phenolphthalein either by feeding or by corn oil gavage administration. In all the acute exposure studies, relatively high doses of phenolphthalein (2000-6000 mg/kg/day for at least 2 days) were required to induce micronuclei. The positive results obtained with phenolphthalein in vivo were consistent with the results of an in vitro chromosomal aberration test in Chinese hamster ovary cells, where dose-related increases in aberrations were noted only in cells treated in the presence of induced rat liver S9.
Topics: Animals; CHO Cells; Chromosome Aberrations; Cricetinae; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocytes; Female; Male; Mice; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagens; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins
PubMed: 7529356
DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(95)90005-5 -
Digestive Diseases and Sciences Sep 1983Phenolphthalein is an odorless, tasteless compound, poorly soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol or ether. Although its laxative activity was discovered in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Phenolphthalein is an odorless, tasteless compound, poorly soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol or ether. Although its laxative activity was discovered in 1902, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Phenolphthalein has been found to be an ineffective laxative in both jaundiced patients and in experimental animals with ligated common bile ducts. In contrast to the poor solubility of phenolphthalein, phenolphthalein glucuronide is highly water-soluble. In addition, phenolphthalein glucuronide is found in bile following oral phenolphthalein administration, suggesting an enterohepatic circulation. We compared the effect of phenolphthalein and phenolphthalein glucuronide on net water absorption of the ileum and colon of Sprague-Dawley rats using a single-pass perfusion technique. Perfusion of phenolphthalein (10 mg/dl in 154 mM NaCl with 0.5% ethanol and 0.1 g/l gum arabic) resulted in significantly reduced water absorption in both the ileum and colon (66% and 64%, respectively, P less than 0.05). In contrast, phenolphthalein glucuronide did not have a significant effect on net water flux compared to control perfusion in either the ileum or colon. In the ileum only 77 +/- 3% and colon 71 +/- 1.2% of the phenolphthalein infused was recovered, suggesting that much of the infused phenolphthalein was absorbed. In contrast there was no evidence of absorption of phenolphthalein glucuronide, as 98.9 +/- 1.2% was recovered from ileal and colon perfusions. Phenolphthalein glucuronide is not the active form of phenolphthalein, although it may be an effective laxative after deconjugation by colonic bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Body Water; Colon; Ileum; Male; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 6884169
DOI: 10.1007/BF01296906 -
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1998
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Humans; Lymphocytes; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Phenolphthalein; Thymidine Kinase; Transgenes
PubMed: 9814444
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1998)32:3<286::aid-em12>3.0.co;2-9 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2024Screening for the hazardous adulterant phenolphthalein (PTH) in slimming foods is necessary. Herein, the linkage of the PTH target epitope with various spacer arms was...
Screening for the hazardous adulterant phenolphthalein (PTH) in slimming foods is necessary. Herein, the linkage of the PTH target epitope with various spacer arms was proposed for hapten design, aiming to produce highly sensitive and specific antibodies targeting PTH. To understand the influence of spacer arms on epitope, comprehensive evaluations were conducted using computer-aided chemistry and animal immunization. The resulting antibody exhibited maximal half-inhibitory concentration (IC) of 0.25 ng/mL. Then, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was established with detection capability for screening (CCβ) of less than 140, 240, and 25 ng/g for PTH in tea, instant coffee, and oral liquid, respectively. Furthermore, blind sample results agreed well with LFIA and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Therefore, this work not only provides a robust tool for detecting PTH adulteration but also suggests that the careful pairing of spacer arms with hapten epitope is a key factor in advancing rational hapten design.
Topics: Animals; Phenolphthalein; Chromatography, Liquid; Epitopes; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Immunoassay; Antibodies; Haptens
PubMed: 38452509
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138912 -
Talanta May 2021Herein, an easy assembled colorimetric and ''turn-on'' fluorescent sensor (probe P4SC) based on phenolphthalein was developed for carbonate ion (CO) sensing in a mixture...
Herein, an easy assembled colorimetric and ''turn-on'' fluorescent sensor (probe P4SC) based on phenolphthalein was developed for carbonate ion (CO) sensing in a mixture of EtOH/HO (v/v, 80/20, pH = 7, Britton-Robinson buffer) media. The probe P4SC demonstrated high sensitive and selective monitoring toward CO over other competitive anions. Interaction of CO with the probe P4SC resulted in a significant increment in emission intensity at λ = 498 nm (λ = 384 nm) due to the strategy of blocking the photo induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. H NMR titration and Job's methods, as well as the theoretical study were carried out to support the probable stoichiometry of the reaction (1:2) between P4SC and CO. The binding constant of the probe P4SC with CO was calculated as 2.56 × 10 M. The probe P4SC providing rapid response time (~0.5 min) with a satisfactorily low detection limit (14.7 nM) may be useful as a valuable realistic sensor. The imaging studies on the liver cancer cells (HepG2) shows the great potential of the probe P4SC for the sensation of intracellular CO anions. Furthermore, the satisfactory recovery and RSD values obtained for water application confirming that the probe P4SC could be applied to sensing of CO ion.
Topics: Anions; Colorimetry; Fluorescent Dyes; Phenolphthalein; Water
PubMed: 33676708
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122166 -
Forensic Science International May 2016There are numerous presumptive tests available in the forensic science field to help identify the presence of blood. While many articles are available on the effects of...
There are numerous presumptive tests available in the forensic science field to help identify the presence of blood. While many articles are available on the effects of Bluestar(®) and luminol and potential interactions with subsequent DNA identification, the research field falls short in identifying the effects these two presumptive tests may have on subsequent presumptive tests used to help identify blood. To rectify this ongoing issue in the forensic science field, the chemiluminescence methods of Bluestar(®) and luminol for the detection of blood at a crime scene were tested for their effects when used in conjunction with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) or phenolphthalein (PT) at the forensic science laboratory. Six different substrates (untreated wood, pressure treated wood, ceramic tile, shag carpet, cement block, and cotton clothing) were stained with varying dilutions (range 1:1 to 1:100,000) of blood. Neither luminol nor Bluestar(®) affect the results of PT or TMB tests at blood dilutions equal to or less than 1:100. However, interactions did occur between agents and substrates with blood dilutions 1:1000 or greater. Bluestar(®) was the only presumptive test that can detect blood dilutions of 1:100,000 on some substrates and luminol was inclusive on pressure treated wood. These findings suggests that forensic science laboratory personal need to know and understand the details of how the blood was detected by the crime scene investigator and the substrate on which the blood was obtained from for their preparation of presumptive blood testing with PT or TMB.
Topics: Benzidines; Blood Stains; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Luminescent Agents; Luminol; Phenolphthalein; Surface Properties
PubMed: 26990564
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.052 -
Nature Apr 1964
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Chromatography; Hydrolysis; Metabolism; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Phosphates; Research; Saccharomyces; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 14156303
DOI: 10.1038/202190a0 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jan 2017Antipsychotic-related constipation is a common and serious adverse effect, especially for people taking clozapine. Clozapine has been shown to impede gastrointestinal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Antipsychotic-related constipation is a common and serious adverse effect, especially for people taking clozapine. Clozapine has been shown to impede gastrointestinal motility, leading to constipation, and has been reported in up to 60% of patients receiving clozapine. In rare cases, complications can be fatal. Appropriate laxatives should be prescribed to treat constipation in people taking antipsychotics, but there is a lack of guidance on the comparative effectiveness and harms of different agents in this population. An understanding of the effectiveness and safety of treatment for antipsychotic-related constipation is important for clinicians and patients alike.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pharmacologic treatment (versus placebo or compared against another treatment) for antipsychotic-related constipation (defined as constipated patients of any age, who are treated with antipsychotics, regardless of dose, in which constipation is considered to be an antipsychotic-related side effect).
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (15 June 2015), which is based on regular searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, BIOSIS, AMED, PubMed, PsycINFO, and registries of clinical trials, grey literature, and conference proceedings. There are no language, date, document type, or publication status limitations for inclusion of records in this register. We also handsearched bibliographies and contacted relevant authors for additional information.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of pharmacological treatments in patients with antipsychotic-related constipation. Pharmacological treatments included laxatives and other medicines that could reasonably be used to combat constipation in this population (e.g. anticholinergic agents, like bethanecol).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently extracted data from all included studies and assessed trials for risk of bias. A third author reviewed 20% of trials. We analysed dichotomous data using relative risks (RR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed risk of bias for included studies and used GRADE to create a 'Summary of findings' table. We discussed any disagreement, documented decisions, and attempted to contact study authors when necessary.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified two relevant Chinese studies (N = 480) that contributed data to this review. Both studies were over ten years old and poorly reported, lacking descriptions of contemporary CONSORT reporting prerequisites, such as sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, participant flow, how the sample size was determined, or how outcomes were measured. The studies also did not report trial registration, pre-specified protocols, consent processes, ethical review, or funding source. We were unsuccessful in making contact with the authors to clarify the missing details. We classified both studies as having an overall high risk of bias.One study compared glycerol suppository with the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) approaches of tuina massage and acupuncture. Compared to tuina massage, glycerol laxative was less effective in relieving constipation at both two days after treatment (1 RCT; N = 120; RR 2.88, 95% CI 1.89 to 4.39; very low-quality evidence), and three days (1 RCT; N = 120; RR 4.80, CI 1.96 to 11.74, very low-quality evidence). Favourable results were also seen for acupuncture at two days (1 RCT; N = 120; RR 3.50; 95% CI 2.18 to 5.62; very low-quality evidence), and at three days (1 RCT; N = 120; RR 8.00, 95% CI 2.54 to 25.16; very low-quality evidence).The other study compared mannitol, an osmotic laxative, with rhubarb soda or phenolphthalein. Mannitol was more effective than rhubarb soda or phenolphthalein in trelieving constipation within 24 hours of treatment (1 RCT; N = 240; RR 0.07; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.27, very low-quality evidence).No data were reported for our other important outcomes: need for rescue medication, bowel obstruction (a complication of antipsychotic-related constipation), quality of life, adverse events, leaving the study early, and economic costs.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We had hoped to find clinically useful evidence appraising the relative merits of the interventions routinely used to manage antipsychotic-related constipation, a common and potentially serious adverse effect of the use of these drugs. The results were disappointing. There were no data comparing the common pharmacological interventions for constipation, such as lactulose, polyethylene glycol, stool softeners, lubricant laxatives, or of novel treatments such as linaclotide. Data available were very poor quality and the trials had a high risk of bias. Data from these biased studies suggested that mannitol, an osmotic laxative, was more effective than rhubarb soda and phenolphthalein in relieving constipation, and a two-week course of glycerol suppositories was less effective than the TCM approaches of tuina massage and acupuncture.Overall, there is insufficient trial-based evidence to assess the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological interventions for treating antipsychotic-related constipation, due to limited, poor quality data (few studies with high risk of bias and no meta-analyses). The methodological limitations in the included studies were obvious, and any conclusions based on their results should be made with caution. Methodologically rigorous RCTs evaluating interventions for treating antipsychotic-related constipation are needed.
Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Antipsychotic Agents; Constipation; Glycerol; Humans; Laxatives; Mannitol; Massage; Phenolphthalein; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rheum; Suppositories
PubMed: 28116777
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011128.pub2 -
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related... Oct 2005Elution of antibiotics from polymethylmethacrylate laden with antibiotics is dependent on the permeability of the polymethylmethacrylate. Increasing...
Elution of antibiotics from polymethylmethacrylate laden with antibiotics is dependent on the permeability of the polymethylmethacrylate. Increasing polymethylmethacrylate permeability by adding fillers has been suggested to increase antibiotic elution but the resulting increase in permeability has not been assessed directly. A simple method to assess polymethylmethacrylate permeability is proposed. Phenolphthalein was added to the polymethylmethacrylate to indicate the level of penetration of fluid with pH of 10.3. Glycine in three different amounts (0.45 g, 7 g, and 28 g) or a combination of antibiotics (13.6 g) was added as a filler to increase the permeability. Beads of each mixture were made and soaked in fluid with a pH of 10.3. An immediate intense magenta coloration occurred on contact of the beads with the fluid. A zone of magenta was seen to penetrate into the depths of polymethylmethacrylate beads. That penetration increased with the amount of the filler and with time in the fluid bath. The type of filler material also affected the rate of fluid penetration. Permeability of various antibiotic polymethylmethacrylate mixtures can be determined qualitatively using this method. The observations may be useful to determine which mixtures warrant more expensive antibiotic elution studies.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Cements; Color; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Indicators and Reagents; Materials Testing; Permeability; Phenolphthalein; Pilot Projects; Polymethyl Methacrylate
PubMed: 16205137
DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000181500.26870.c6