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Journal of Chromatography Jul 1992A procedure is described to simultaneously quantitate phenolphthalein and its glucuronide metabolite from dog serum, urine and bile using high-performance liquid...
A procedure is described to simultaneously quantitate phenolphthalein and its glucuronide metabolite from dog serum, urine and bile using high-performance liquid chromatography. The major advantages of this over pre-existing methods include direct analysis of the parent compound and glucuronide metabolite without enzymatic hydrolysis, increased sensitivity and the potential for automation of a large number of samples. Analytes were extracted from serum and urine using a combination of liquid- and solid-phase extraction methodology. Bile samples were analyzed directly after a twenty-fold dilution with mobile phase. The components plus internal standard were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using step gradient elution and quantitated by the absorbance of ultraviolet light at 230 nm. Limits of detection from 1 ml of serum, 0.1 ml of urine and 0.05 ml of bile were 0.1, 0.5 and 10 microgram/ml for phenolphthalein and 0.1, 10 and 50 microgram/ml for phenolphthalein glucuronide, respectively.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dogs; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
PubMed: 1400802
DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80421-l -
The American Journal of Digestive... Apr 1947
Topics: Laxatives; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins
PubMed: 20294358
DOI: 10.1007/BF03001200 -
Mutation Research Oct 2010The in vitro micronucleus assay has been extensively used as an in vitro screening tool to identify test articles that might have aneugenic or clastogenic potential....
The in vitro micronucleus assay has been extensively used as an in vitro screening tool to identify test articles that might have aneugenic or clastogenic potential. Currently, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is working towards a final version of the guideline for the conduct of the in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus Test (MNvit). A few questions regarding appropriate cytotoxicity measurements and cytotoxicity limits to use remain to be answered. In order to resolve the remaining questions, we compared the induction of micronuclei at the top dose (50-60% cytotoxicity) determined by either Relative Cell Counts (RCC), Relative Increase in Cell Counts (RICC), Relative Population Doublings (RPD), or Cytokinesis-Blocked Proliferating Index (CBPI) using weak and strong inducers of micronuclei in both the presence and absence of cytochalasin B (CYB) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. In order to assess extensive dose-response relationships, we selected expected weak (diazepam, phenolphthalein, quinacrine dihydrochloride dihydrate) and strong (cytosine arabinoside, mitomycin C, vinblastine sulphate) inducers of micronuclei with a variety of different mechanisms of action for testing. The results clearly demonstrated that all six compounds produced positive responses using either cytotoxicity measurement. The outcome from these studies further supports the cytotoxicity measurements and cytotoxicity limits proposed in the draft OECD guideline.
Topics: Animals; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Cytochalasin B; Cytotoxins; Diazepam; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagens; Phenolphthalein; Quinacrine
PubMed: 20399283
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.04.004 -
Toxicological Sciences : An Official... Apr 2001C57BL/6 p53 (+/-) N5 mice heterozygous for a null p53 allele were given phenolphthalein to learn more about mechanisms of carcinogenesis and to evaluate the...
C57BL/6 p53 (+/-) N5 mice heterozygous for a null p53 allele were given phenolphthalein to learn more about mechanisms of carcinogenesis and to evaluate the p53-deficient mouse as a tool for identifying potential human carcinogens. DNA samples isolated from 10 phenolphthalein-induced thymic lymphomas were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the Trp53 locus and simple sequence length polymorphic (SSLP) loci. The initial screening revealed remarkable results from only chromosome 11. Allelotyping at approximately five centiMorgan intervals, we found SSLP heterozygosity for C57BL/6 and 129Sv over much of chromosome 11. In the tumors, treatment-related LOH was apparent on chromosome 11 at each of the 28 informative loci examined. The strain-specific polymorphism lost from individual tumors allowed us to deduce the distribution of alleles along the length of the maternal and paternal chromosomes 11. The allelic patterns indicate that mitotic homologous recombination occurred during embryogenesis if breeding protocols were carried out as described. The mitotic recombination observed may be attributable to p53 haploinsufficiency for normal suppression of mitotic recombination.
Topics: Animals; DNA Primers; DNA, Neoplasm; Heterozygote; Loss of Heterozygosity; Lymphoma; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Phenolphthalein; Polymorphism, Genetic; Thymus Neoplasms
PubMed: 11248138
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/60.2.264 -
Toxicological Sciences : An Official... Apr 1998A recent 2-year carcinogenicity/toxicology study determined that phenolphthalein (PHTH) is a multisite carcinogen in both mice and rats at all doses evaluated. In...
A recent 2-year carcinogenicity/toxicology study determined that phenolphthalein (PHTH) is a multisite carcinogen in both mice and rats at all doses evaluated. In response to this finding the metabolism and disposition of PHTH has been evaluated in both F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice at a single oral dose of 800 mg/kg. This dose fell within the range previously found to be carcinogenic in rats and mice. Studies were also performed using 1 and 50 mg/kg doses. At 800 mg/kg recovery of [14C]PHTH after 72 h was near 100% in females but closer to 75% in males. Radioactivity was primarily recovered in the feces in rats (> 90%), while mice excreted 30-40% of administered activity in the urine. There was no significant retention of radioactivity in tissues by 72 h and no significant accumulation of radioactivity in any tissue at any time point. Covalent binding to protein in target tissues, bone marrow and ovary, was at or less than the pmol/mg protein range. The major metabolite was PHTH glucuronide. Three minor metabolites were detected. A sulfate conjugate and and a hydroxylated metabolite were identified by comparison of retention times and 1H NMR and/or mass spectra with synthetic standards. A diglucuronide conjugate was tentatively identified. Biliary elimination was extensive in rats (35% of dose within 6 h); the only product detected in bile was phenolphthalein glucuronide.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bile; Carcinogens; Feces; Female; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Mice; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Radiometry; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 9579019
DOI: 10.1006/toxs.1997.2422 -
The American Journal of Physiology Oct 1982To assess Na-K-ATPase inhibiton and prostaglandin synthesis stimulation as the mechanism of the secretory (cathartic) action of phenolphthalein in the primate, we...
To assess Na-K-ATPase inhibiton and prostaglandin synthesis stimulation as the mechanism of the secretory (cathartic) action of phenolphthalein in the primate, we investigated water and electrolyte transport and Na-K-ATPase levels in monkey intestine. Both jejunum and colon were studied with in vivo perfusion and in vitro Ussing chamber techniques. Water, Na, and Cl absorption was inhibited or secretion was induced by phenolphthalein (10(-3) M) in the jejunum and colon when the drug was present in the mucosal bathing (perfusion) solution. Serosal addition of phenolphthalein (10(-4) or 10(-3) M) induced Na and anion absorption in the jejunum but not in the colon. Phenolphthalein inhibited Na-K-ATPase activity in the test tube, but assays of intestine previously perfused or bathed in the drug showed no inhibiton. Indomethacin, in doses sufficient to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the intestine, inhibited the secretion induced by phenolphthalein in the jejunum but not in the colon. These inconsistencies cast doubt on the role of Na-K-ATPase inhibition or the role of prostaglandin synthesis stimulation in the mechanism of action of phenolphthalein.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Body Water; Chlorides; Colon; Electrolytes; Ethanol; Female; Indomethacin; Jejunum; Kinetics; Macaca fascicularis; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Sodium; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
PubMed: 6289679
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1982.243.4.G268 -
Journal of the American Pharmaceutical... May 1946
Topics: Emulsions; Humans; Mineral Oil; Phenolphthalein
PubMed: 20982921
DOI: 10.1002/jps.3030350506 -
Gastroenterology Apr 1993Fiber and water-holding agents are used for the treatment of constipation. In what may appear to be a paradox, they are sometimes also used for the treatment of... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Fiber and water-holding agents are used for the treatment of constipation. In what may appear to be a paradox, they are sometimes also used for the treatment of diarrhea; it has been proposed that they sequester water from liquid stools and/or increase the ratio of fecal solids to fecal water and thereby improve stool consistency. The purpose of the present study was to test the validity of this hypothesis in normal subjects in whom secretory diarrhea was induced by phenolphthalein.
METHODS
In random sequence, 9 subjects with phenolphthalein-induced diarrhea were treated with placebo, psyllium, calcium polycarbophil, or wheat bran.
RESULTS
Calcium polycarbophil and wheat bran had no effect on fecal consistency or on fecal viscosity. By contrast, psyllium made stools firmer and increased fecal viscosity. In a dose-response study in 6 subjects, doses of 9, 18, and 30 g of psyllium per day caused a near linear increase in fecal viscosity.
CONCLUSION
Psyllium, but not calcium polycarbophil or wheat bran, improves fecal consistency and viscosity in subjects with experimentally-induced secretory diarrhea.
Topics: Acrylic Resins; Adult; Antidiarrheals; Diarrhea; Dietary Fiber; Female; Humans; Male; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins; Psyllium; Triticum
PubMed: 8385040
DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90267-g -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Sep 2023This case series highlights the challenges in eye banking and the importance of a quality assurance program. Three cases triggered corrective and preventive actions...
This case series highlights the challenges in eye banking and the importance of a quality assurance program. Three cases triggered corrective and preventive actions (CAPAs) to improve the processes. Case 1 emphasized training to prevent retrieval failures. Case 2 stressed the need for blood samples and comprehensive documentation. In Case 3, mishandling led to policy revisions and staff training. CAPA involved identifying concerns, root cause analysis, action plans, implementation, checks, and closure. Errors can occur in man, machinery, process, and policies. Continuous CAPA ensures continuous quality improvement and safe corneal tissue transplantation, benefiting patients in need.
Topics: Humans; Eye Banks; Corneal Transplantation; Cornea; Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid; Phenolphthalein
PubMed: 37602597
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1994_23 -
Journal of the American Pharmaceutical... Jul 1954
Topics: Cacao; Humans; Phenolphthalein; Phenolphthaleins
PubMed: 13183838
DOI: 10.1002/jps.3030430709