-
International Journal of Systematic and... Jun 2017A Gram-straining-negative, facultatively aerobic, rod-shaped strain, motile by a polar flagellum and designated P03D4T, was isolated from the bottom seawater of the East...
A Gram-straining-negative, facultatively aerobic, rod-shaped strain, motile by a polar flagellum and designated P03D4T, was isolated from the bottom seawater of the East China Sea. Growth occurred at 10-50 °C (optimum 32 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum pH 6.0) and in the presence of 1-7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence placed P03D4T within the genus Photobacterium of the family Vibrionaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria, and revealed that strain P03D4T was most closely related to Photobacterium frigidiphilum SL13T with 96.9 % sequence similarity and had sequence similarities with other species of the genus Photobacterium in the range 94.6-96.9 %. The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) and C16 : 0. The polar lipids of strain P03D4T comprised phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and one unknown lipid. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The DNA G+C content of strain P03D4T was 44.3 mol%. On the basis of the evidence from this polyphasic study, strain P03D4T is proposed as representing a novel species of the genus Photobacterium, for which the name Photobacterium alginatilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P03D4T (=KCTC 52365T=MCCC 1K03200T=CGMCC 1.15764T).
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; China; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Phospholipids; Photobacterium; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seawater; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Ubiquinone
PubMed: 28613143
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001886 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Apr 2018The genus Photobacterium comprises species of marine bacteria, commonly found in open-ocean and deep-sea environments. Some species (e.g. Photobacterium phosphoreum) are...
UNLABELLED
The genus Photobacterium comprises species of marine bacteria, commonly found in open-ocean and deep-sea environments. Some species (e.g. Photobacterium phosphoreum) are associated with fish spoilage. Recently, culture-independent studies have drawn attention to the presence of photobacteria on meat. This study employed a comparative isolation approach of Photobacterium spp. and aimed to develop an adapted isolation procedure for recovery from food samples, as demonstrated for different meats: Marine broth is used for resuspending and dilution of food samples, followed by aerobic cultivation on marine broth agar supplemented with meat extract and vancomycin at 15°C for 72 h. Identification of spoilage-associated microbiota was carried out via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry using a database supplemented with additional mass spectrometry profiles of Photobacterium spp. This study provides evidence for the common abundance of multiple Photobacterium species in relevant quantities on various modified atmosphere packaged meats. Photobacterium carnosum was predominant on beef and chicken, while Photobacterium iliopiscarium represented the major species on pork and Photobacterium phosphoreum on salmon, respectively.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This study demonstrates highly frequent isolation of multiple photobacteria (Photobacterium carnosum, Photobacterium phosphoreum, and Photobacterium iliopiscarium) from different modified-atmosphere packaged spoiled and unspoiled meats using an adapted isolation procedure. The abundance of photobacteria in high numbers provides evidence for the hitherto neglected importance and relevance of Photobacterium spp. to meat spoilage.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cattle; Chickens; Food Microbiology; Food Packaging; Microbiota; Photobacterium; Red Meat; Salmon; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Swine
PubMed: 29419881
DOI: 10.1111/lam.12860 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Jul 2020Several virulence factors of three new Photobacterium species: Photobacterium toruni, Photobacterium malacitanum and Photobacterium andalusiense associated with diseases...
AIMS
Several virulence factors of three new Photobacterium species: Photobacterium toruni, Photobacterium malacitanum and Photobacterium andalusiense associated with diseases of cultured redbanded seabream (Pagrus auriga) were studied. The exoenzymatic activities, adherence and cytotoxic capabilities, and iron-uptake mechanisms were determined both in bacterial extracellular products (ECP) and whole bacterial cells. The histopathology damages provoked on redbanded seabream by the ECP was also studied.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The highest exoenzymatic activities of the ECP were alkaline- and acid-phosphatase, phosphohydrolase and lipase. The ECP were strongly lethal for fish at 4-96 h post-inoculation (p.i). Histological changes were evident at 96 hpi of ECP, affecting head kidney, splenic parenchyma and heart. Cytotoxicity assays, on three fish lines and one human cell line, were conducted using whole bacterial cells and their ECP. The new species tested were cytotoxic only for fish cell lines using whole bacterial cells. Bacterial adherence showed an adherence index moderate on CHSE-214 cell line. All strains showed variable haemolytic activity, and were able to grow under iron-limiting conditions, although the CAS reactivitiy was very low. However, all strains produced high amounts of extracelullar citrate that could be used as iron carrier, and use haem as iron source, except the P. toruni strains because a deletion in the genomic region encoding this ability in all Vibrionaceae members.
CONCLUSIONS
The toxic activity of the bacterial ECPs was thermolabile, and not associated with their thermoresistant lipopolysaccharide content. The virulence of the strains tested could not be related to the haemolytic activity. Iron uptake could be based on the use of endogenous citrate as iron carrier and P. toruni lacks the ability to use haem as iron source.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The study analyses for the first time the virulence properties of three new species of Photobacterium pathogenic for fish.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Cell Line; Fish Diseases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Photobacterium; Sea Bream; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31505106
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14437 -
International Journal of Systematic and... May 2019A Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, motile by a polar flagellum, rod-shaped strain, designated BEI247, was isolated from seawater at the bottom of the East China...
A Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, motile by a polar flagellum, rod-shaped strain, designated BEI247, was isolated from seawater at the bottom of the East China Sea. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and whole genome data affiliated it with the genus Photobacterium. It was most closely related to Photobacterium alginatilyticum P03D4 (97.36 % 16S rRNA gene similarity). Multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) revealed a distinct lineage with P. alginatilyticum P03D4 as its closest relative. Strain BEI247 was found to have lower than 86.0 % similarities to the type strains of its most closely related species in MLSA, less than 82.3 % using genome average nucleotide identities, and less than 25.3 % in DNA-DNA relatedness studies. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 24 °C), pH 5.0-8.0 (pH 7.0) and in the presence of 1-5 % (w/v) NaCl (3 %). The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The polar lipids of strain BEI247 comprised phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, two phospholipids and one unknown lipid. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The DNA G+C content of strain BEI247 was 46.45 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence, strain BEI247 is proposed as representing a novel species of the genus Photobacterium, for which the name Photobacterium chitinilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BEI247 (=JCM 32689=MCCC 1K03517=KCTC 62619).
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; China; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phospholipids; Photobacterium; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seawater; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Ubiquinone
PubMed: 30860462
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003343 -
MicrobiologyOpen Mar 2021Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable bioplastics that can be manufactured sustainably and represent a promising green alternative to petrochemical-based...
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable bioplastics that can be manufactured sustainably and represent a promising green alternative to petrochemical-based plastics. Here, we describe the complete genome of a new marine PHA-producing bacterium-Photobacterium ganghwense (strain C2.2), which we have isolated from the Black Sea seashore. This new isolate is psychrotolerant and accumulates PHA when glycerol is provided as the main carbon source. Transmission electron microscopy, specific staining with Nile Red visualized via epifluorescence microscopy and gas chromatography analysis confirmed the accumulation of PHA. This is the only PHA-producing Photobacterium for which we now have a complete genome sequence, allowing us to investigate the pathways for PHA production and other secondary metabolite synthesis pathways. The de novo assembly genome, obtained using open-source tools, comprises two chromosomes (3.5, 2 Mbp) and a megaplasmid (202 kbp). We identify the entire PHA synthesis gene cluster that encodes a class I PHA synthase, a phasin, a 3-ketothiolase, and an acetoacetyl-CoA reductase. No conventional PHA depolymerase was identified in strain C2.2, but a putative lipase with extracellular amorphous PHA depolymerase activity was annotated, suggesting that C2.2 is unable to degrade intracellular PHA. A complete pathway for the conversion of glycerol to acetyl-CoA was annotated, in accordance with its ability to convert glycerol to PHA. Several secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and a low number of genes involved in antibiotic resistance and virulence were also identified, indicating the strain's suitability for biotechnological applications.
Topics: Acetyl Coenzyme A; Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase; Acyltransferases; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Aquatic Organisms; Biosynthetic Pathways; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Glycerol; Photobacterium; Plant Lectins; Plasmids; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Soil Microbiology; Virulence; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 33970538
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1182 -
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Jun 2016Six strains were isolated from the hemolymph of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla, captured in Spain, and one from a diseased blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. The 16S rRNA...
Six strains were isolated from the hemolymph of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla, captured in Spain, and one from a diseased blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. The 16S rRNA gene sequences showed close similarity to the recently described Photobacterium swingsii (98.1 %) and to a lesser degree to Photobacterium aquimaris (97.8 %). MLSA analyses showed a monophyletic group including P. swingsii that form a new subclade. All genomic analyses (Average Nucleotide Identity, Average Amino Acid Identity, and in silico DNA-DNA) clearly separate the strains analysed from P. swingsii with values below the thresholds to delimit a new species. The phenotypic, genotypic and genomic data presented here clearly place these strains as a coherent group within the genus Photobacterium, for which we propose the name Photobacterium sanguinicancri sp. nov. Strain CAIM 1827(T) (=CECT 7579(T), =DSM 24670(T)) is proposed as the type strain of the species.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Decapoda; Fatty Acids; Genotype; Phenotype; Photobacterium; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seawater; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sodium Chloride; Spain
PubMed: 27048242
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0681-x -
International Journal of Systematic and... May 2006A halotolerant bacterium was isolated from a saline lake located in Mallorca, Spain. Cells of the strain, designated MACL01T, were Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile...
A halotolerant bacterium was isolated from a saline lake located in Mallorca, Spain. Cells of the strain, designated MACL01T, were Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile by means of polar flagella. Colonies of strain MACL01T were white to cream in TSA medium, turning brown after 7 days of incubation; they were blue in thiosulphate/citrate/bile salts/sucrose agar medium. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MACL01T belongs to the genus Photobacterium, in which it forms a distinct lineage together with Photobacterium rosenbergii and Photobacterium ganghwense (showing 96.9 and 96.2 % similarity, respectively). The most closely related taxon according to phylogenetic analysis of the rpoA gene is also P. rosenbergii (90 % similarity). The recA gene also showed low similarity (83.7, 83.4 and 82.4 %, respectively) with respect to those of Vibrio proteolyticus LMG 3772T, Photobacterium leiognathii LMG 4228T and P. rosenbergii LMG 22223T. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis of the rpoA and recA genes confirms that strain MACL01T belongs to the genus Photobacterium, forming a branch together with P. rosenbergii. Strain MACL01T was able to grow in 0-8 % NaCl. Growth occurred between 4 and 37 degrees C (optimum, 28 degrees C) and at pH 5-8.5. Luminescence was negative on marine agar. Strain MACL01T was found to be sensitive to the vibriostatic agent O/129. It reduced nitrate to nitrite, produced beta-galactosidase and hydrolysed gelatin, but did not produce arginine dihydrolase, indole or acetoin. Strain MACL01T used several carbohydrates and fermented glucose, L-arabinose and sucrose. The most abundant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (32.6 %; comprising C16 : 1omega7c and/or C15 : 0 iso 2-OH), C16 : 0 (21.2 %) and C18 : 1omega7c (19.9 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 49.8 mol%. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results, strain MACL01T (=LMG 22194T=CECT 5860T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Photobacterium, for which the name Photobacterium halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed.
Topics: Base Composition; Carbohydrate Metabolism; DNA, Bacterial; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Enzymes; Fatty Acids; Flagella; Fresh Water; Genes, rRNA; Growth Inhibitors; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Luminescence; Molecular Sequence Data; Movement; Photobacterium; Phylogeny; Pigmentation; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rec A Recombinases; Sodium Chloride; Spain; Temperature; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 16627656
DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64099-0 -
Annual Review of Microbiology 1983
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Biological Evolution; DNA, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Genotype; Phenotype; Photobacterium; Pseudomonas; Vibrio
PubMed: 6357056
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.002101 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Sep 2007Six representatives of a luminous bacterium commonly found in association with deep, cold-dwelling marine fishes were isolated from the light organs and skin of...
Six representatives of a luminous bacterium commonly found in association with deep, cold-dwelling marine fishes were isolated from the light organs and skin of different fish species. These bacteria were Gram-negative, catalase-positive, and weakly oxidase-positive or oxidase-negative. Morphologically, cells of these strains were coccoid or coccoid-rods, occurring singly or in pairs, and motile by means of polar flagellation. After growth on seawater-based agar medium at 22 degrees C for 18 h, colonies were small, round and white, with an intense cerulean blue luminescence. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity placed these bacteria in the genus Photobacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on seven housekeeping gene sequences (16S rRNA gene, gapA, gyrB, pyrH, recA, rpoA and rpoD), seven gene sequences of the lux operon (luxC, luxD, luxA, luxB, luxF, luxE and luxG) and four gene sequences of the rib operon (ribE, ribB, ribH and ribA), resolved the six strains as members of the genus Photobacterium and as a clade distinct from other species of Photobacterium. These strains were most closely related to Photobacterium phosphoreum and Photobacterium iliopiscarium. DNA-DNA hybridization values between the designated type strain, Photobacterium kishitanii pjapo.1.1(T), and P. phosphoreum LMG 4233(T), P. iliopiscarium LMG 19543(T) and Photobacterium indicum LMG 22857(T) were 51, 43 and 19 %, respectively. In AFLP analysis, the six strains clustered together, forming a group distinct from other analysed species. The fatty acid C(17 : 0) cyclo was present in these bacteria, but not in P. phosphoreum, P. iliopiscarium or P. indicum. A combination of biochemical tests (arginine dihydrolase and lysine decarboxylase) differentiates these strains from P. phosphoreum and P. indicum. The DNA G+C content of P. kishitanii pjapo.1.1(T) is 40.2 %, and the genome size is approximately 4.2 Mbp, in the form of two circular chromosomes. These strains represent a novel species, for which the name Photobacterium kishitanii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain, pjapo.1.1(T) (=ATCC BAA-1194(T)=LMG 23890(T)), is a luminous symbiont isolated from the light organ of the deep-water fish Physiculus japonicus.
Topics: Animal Structures; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Catalase; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Cluster Analysis; DNA Fingerprinting; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Circular; DNA, Ribosomal; Fatty Acids; Fishes; Flagella; Genes, rRNA; Locomotion; Luminescence; Luminescent Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oxidoreductases; Photobacterium; Phylogeny; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Skin; Symbiosis
PubMed: 17766874
DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.65153-0 -
Developments in Biologicals 2005Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida is the causative agent of pasteurellosis in wild and farmed marine fish worldwide. Although serologically homogeneous, recent... (Review)
Review
Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida is the causative agent of pasteurellosis in wild and farmed marine fish worldwide. Although serologically homogeneous, recent molecular advances have led to the discovery of distinct genetic clades, depending on geographical origin. Further details of the strategies for host colonisation have arisen including information on the role of capsule, susceptibility to oxidative stress, confirmation of intracellular survival in host epithelial cells, and induced apoptosis of host macrophages. This improved understanding has given rise to new ideas and advances in vaccine technologies, which are reviewed in this paper.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Bacterial Vaccines; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Geography; Immunity; Pasteurella Infections; Photobacterium
PubMed: 15962471
DOI: No ID Found