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Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and... Dec 1999Photosensitivity may be phototoxic or photoallergic. Phototoxicity is much more common. There are 2 types of phototoxicity: photodynamic, which requires oxygen, and... (Review)
Review
Photosensitivity may be phototoxic or photoallergic. Phototoxicity is much more common. There are 2 types of phototoxicity: photodynamic, which requires oxygen, and nonphotodynamic, which does not. Reactions induced by porphyrin molecules, coal tar derivatives, and many drugs are photodynamic. The reaction induced by psoralens, for the most part, is nonphotodynamic. Acute phototoxic reactions are characterized by erythema and edema followed by hyperpigmentation. Long-term ultraviolet phototoxicity results in chronic sun damage and skin cancer formation. Also, certain chemicals such as psoralen molecules and coal tar are photocarcinogenic. Phototoxic reactions to certain drugs produce unusual clinical patterns, that is lichenoid eruptions, dyschromia, photo-onycholysis, and pseudoporphyria. Photoallergy is an uncommon acquired altered reactivity dependent on an immediate antibody or a delayed cell mediated reaction. Solar urticaria is an example of the former, whereas photoallergy to exogenous chemicals is an example of the latter. Photoallergy to systemic drugs does occur but is difficult to characterize. The action spectrum for photoreactions to exogenous agents usually at least includes the ultraviolet A rays for both phototoxicity and photoallergy.
Topics: Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 10604793
DOI: 10.1016/s1085-5629(99)80026-1 -
Dermatologic Clinics Jan 2020An interaction between light's radiation and certain exogenous and endogenous substances can lead to the development of photoallergic and/or phototoxic dermatoses.... (Review)
Review
An interaction between light's radiation and certain exogenous and endogenous substances can lead to the development of photoallergic and/or phototoxic dermatoses. Clinically, reactions may range from acute and self-limited to chronic and recurrent. Delays in diagnosis are not uncommon due to complex clinical presentations, broad differentials, and limited number of specialists who perform phototesting. Therefore, a critical understanding of these dermatoses is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. The epidemiology, light sources, mechanisms, clinical presentations, evaluation protocols, common culprits, treatments, key challenges, and future directions related to photoallergy and phototoxicity are reviewed herein.
Topics: Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Disease Management; Humans; Skin Tests
PubMed: 31753189
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2019.08.010 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Apr 2022
Topics: Biological Assay; Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Humans; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 35396082
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.013 -
Nature Methods Oct 2018
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Photobleaching
PubMed: 30275585
DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0170-4 -
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology Feb 2021: In erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), an inherited disorder of heme biosynthesis, accumulation of protoporphyrin IX results in acute phototoxicity. EPP patients... (Review)
Review
: In erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), an inherited disorder of heme biosynthesis, accumulation of protoporphyrin IX results in acute phototoxicity. EPP patients experience severe burning pain after light exposure, which results in a markedly reduced quality of life. Afamelanotide is the first effective approved medical treatment for EPP, acting on melanocortin-1 receptors. This article aims to review afamelanotide.: This review summarizes the chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, safety, preclinical and clinical data on afamelanotide in EPP, and post-marketing surveillance. PubMed search, manufacturers' websites, and relevant articles used for approval by authorities were used for the literature search.: Afamelanotide is an α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog. It can activate eumelanogenesis without exposure to UV radiation. Clinical studies in EPP showed that afamelanotide treatment significantly increased exposure to sunlight and QoL. In our clinical experience afamelanotide treatment is much more effective in clinical practice than demonstrated in clinical trials and should be made available for all EPP patients meeting inclusion criteria. The 60-day interval period was not based on effectiveness studies, and therefore for some of the patients the maximum of four implants per year with the 60-day interval is insufficient. Afamelanotide is well tolerated; common adverse events were headache, fatigue, and nausea.
Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Pain; Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic; Quality of Life; Sunlight; alpha-MSH
PubMed: 33507118
DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1879638 -
Journal of Environmental Science and... 2013Plants are used by humans in daily life in many different ways, including as food, herbal medicines, and cosmetics. Unfortunately, many natural plants and their chemical... (Review)
Review
Plants are used by humans in daily life in many different ways, including as food, herbal medicines, and cosmetics. Unfortunately, many natural plants and their chemical constituents are photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic, and these phototoxic phytochemicals are widely present in many different plant families. To date, information concerning the phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity of many plants and their chemical constituents is limited. In this review, we discuss phototoxic plants and their major phototoxic constituents; routes of human exposure; phototoxicity of these plants and their constituents; general mechanisms of phototoxicity of plants and phototoxic components; and several representative phototoxic plants and their photoactive chemical constituents.
Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Humans; Mice; Photosensitizing Agents; Phytochemicals; Plants; Rats; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 24024520
DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.824206 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2022Photosensitizing drug reactions are cutaneous eruptions that occur after exposure to ultraviolet radiation in patients using photosensitizing medications. The reactions... (Review)
Review
Photosensitizing drug reactions are cutaneous eruptions that occur after exposure to ultraviolet radiation in patients using photosensitizing medications. The reactions can be broadly classified into phototoxic and photoallergic, with the former being much more common and well documented. There is an extensive list of photosensitizing medications, especially in the case of phototoxicity. The most common are amiodarone, chlorpromazine, doxycycline, hydrochlorothiazide, nalidixic acid, naproxen, piroxicam, tetracycline, thioridazine, vemurafenib, and voriconazole. Most of the medications implicated in photosensitivity share an action spectrum within the ultraviolet A range. Distinguishing between phototoxicity and photoallergy can be difficult, because some clinical overlap exists between the two disorders. It is often done based on pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnosis. Management is similar for both types of reactions, with the gold standard being prevention. This review provides an overview of the photosensitizing drug reactions and highlights the similarities and differences between phototoxicity and photoallergy, as well as other photosensitizing drug reactions in the phototoxicity family including lichenoid reactions and pseudoporphyria.
Topics: Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Photosensitivity Disorders; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 35190066
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.08.014 -
Toxicology in Vitro : An International... Feb 2024Phototoxicity, sometimes in the literature referred to as photo-irritation, is a chemically induced reaction requiring light. While it is generally accepted that...
Phototoxicity, sometimes in the literature referred to as photo-irritation, is a chemically induced reaction requiring light. While it is generally accepted that phototoxicity testing can be performed in the majority of cases in vitro (i.e. without the use of experimental animals), these tests may sometimes provide contradictory predictions. Understanding the mechanisms of initiating events based on the molecule's structure and its ability to reach the excited state and consequently generate ROS enables the creation of predictive QSAR for this adverse outcome. The ability to predict the phototoxicity potential via a QSAR model is beneficial in reducing the number of mechanical in vitro/in chemico tests needed to demonstrate absence of phototoxicity and it is very helpful in the overall safety assessment process. The QSAR prediction model presented here focused on developing a robust platform freely available on the web via the link http://mltox.online to provide interpretable predictions of the phototoxicity of tested molecules. Great attention was devoted to interpretability and explainability of the prediction results. The web application allows the user to input a chemical by CAS number, SMILES code or trivial name. The user can choose between simple prediction or advanced tools options. These extended tools include the artificial intelligence explainability of model prediction using XSMILES (interactive visualization technique to support the interpretation of SMILES) and SHAP values (impact each element on the prediction). The comprehensive tools in question allow the user to explore the properties of phototoxic substances and to understand the prediction outcomes better.
Topics: Animals; Artificial Intelligence; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Software
PubMed: 37820749
DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105701 -
Veterinary Dermatology Aug 2023This case series describes putative doxycycline phototoxicity in three dogs, with one also undergoing a possible sulfamethoxazole phototoxic reaction.
This case series describes putative doxycycline phototoxicity in three dogs, with one also undergoing a possible sulfamethoxazole phototoxic reaction.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Doxycycline; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Sulfamethoxazole; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36794534
DOI: 10.1111/vde.13149 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Aug 2013Phototoxicity is a skin reaction that occurs in patients using photosensitizing drugs in combination with exposure to ultraviolet light. Common photosensitizing...
Phototoxicity is a skin reaction that occurs in patients using photosensitizing drugs in combination with exposure to ultraviolet light. Common photosensitizing pharmacologic agents include antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, neuroleptics, retinoids, and amiodarone. Dronaderone is a novel antiarrhythmic that is similar in composition to amiodarone, but is non-iodinated and also has a methane-sulfonyl group, significantly decreasing its incidence of adverse effects as compared to amiodarone. While phototoxicity is a commonly reported complication of amiodarone, this reaction has rarely been documented in patients using dronaderone. We report the case of a 63 year-old woman with a history of atrial fibrillation that presented with a phototoxic drug eruption following use of dronaderone for maintenance of normal sinus rhythm.
Topics: Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atrial Fibrillation; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Dronedarone; Drug Eruptions; Female; Humans; Middle Aged
PubMed: 23986170
DOI: No ID Found