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Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Oct 2003Solar urticaria serves as a model to illustrate the photodiagnostic approach in rare photodermatoses and to demonstrate how patients can be effectively helped by... (Review)
Review
Solar urticaria serves as a model to illustrate the photodiagnostic approach in rare photodermatoses and to demonstrate how patients can be effectively helped by prophylactic and therapeutic intervention. To accomplish these tasks, advanced knowledge and experience in photodermatology is required, along with equipment which is often available in specialized centers only. A list is attached listing the dermatology departments with photodiagnostic units in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.
Topics: Adult; Austria; Child; Depression; Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Germany; Hospital Departments; Humans; Male; Photochemotherapy; Photography; Photosensitivity Disorders; Plasmapheresis; Recurrence; Sunlight; Switzerland; Time Factors; Ultraviolet Rays; Urticaria
PubMed: 14513242
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-003-0579-1 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016Drug-induced photosensitivity of the skin is drawing increasing attention. In past few decades, photosensitivity has been reported with an array of drugs, and is now... (Review)
Review
Drug-induced photosensitivity of the skin is drawing increasing attention. In past few decades, photosensitivity has been reported with an array of drugs, and is now recognized as a noteworthy medical problem by clinicians, regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry. The photosensitivity is of two types i.e., phototoxicity and photoallergy. Phototoxic disorders have a high incidence, whereas photoallergic reactions are much less frequent in human population. Several hundred substances, chemicals, or drugs may invoke phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. In order to avoid photosensitive reactions, it is essential to understand the mechanism behind the photosensitizing properties of such substances before these drugs are introduced in clinical settings. Photosensitization is inter-related to photochemical reaction, through the knowledge of which the photosensitivity of a drug can be anticipated. This review highlights the current research status on photosensitizing drugs and its correlation to phototoxicity. Different mechanisms of photodegradation of photolabile drugs have also been discussed.
Topics: Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; Humans; Incidence; Photolysis; Photosensitivity Disorders
PubMed: 26675230
DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666151209151408 -
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &... Feb 1996A number of sulphonamide-derived oral antidiabetics (chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliquidone, glymidine, tolazamide and tolbutamide) and diuretics...
A number of sulphonamide-derived oral antidiabetics (chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliquidone, glymidine, tolazamide and tolbutamide) and diuretics (bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, chloratalidone, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, piretanide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide and xipamide) were investigated for phototoxicity in a cell culture model. Cell death dependent on ultraviolet A fluence and test substance concentration was observed in the presence of the oral antidiabetics glibenclamide and gliquidone, as well as the diuretics bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzyl-hydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, piretanide, polythiazide and trichlormethiazide. Bendroflumethiazide was phototoxic at 5x10(-5) M and higher concentrations, bemetizide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide and hydroflumethiazide were phototoxic at 2.5x10(-4) M and higher concentrations, and the oral antidiabetics glibenclamide and gliquidone as well as the diuretics butizide, hydrochlorothiazide, piretanide, polythiazide and trichlormethiazide were phototoxic at 5(-4) M and higher concentrations. Electron microscopic investigations showed swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum as well as aggregation of euchromatin when the cells were irradiated in the presence of photosensitizers.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Diuretics; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Radiation Dosage; Sulfonamides; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 8884891
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.1996.tb00235.x -
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &... Dec 2005Phytophotodermatitis (PPD) is defined as a phototoxic reaction of the skin after contact with substances derived from plants and subsequent exposure to sunlight. It is a...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Phytophotodermatitis (PPD) is defined as a phototoxic reaction of the skin after contact with substances derived from plants and subsequent exposure to sunlight. It is a frequent disease in our outpatient clinics during summer because of contact with Tahitian lemon. Our objectives were to experimentally reproduce PPD in rats, to identify whether PPD is induced by minimal exposure periods to sunlight, to find what kinds of lemons and which parts of the lemon (the fruit juice or the peel juice) may trigger the disease; to know whether the use of sunblock prevents the reaction; and to perform light microscopy of the lesions to describe their histology.
METHODS
Adult rats (Rattus norwegicus), three in each experiment, were used. After painting the rats with the fruit juice or the peel juice they were exposed to sunlight for 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 min. Tahitian and Sicilian lemons were used in the experiments. Biopsies with 3-mm punches of different times of exposure were performed.
RESULTS
The peel juice of both lemons reproduced PPD, which was clinically evident after 48 h. When the peel juice was alone applied there was no reaction; moreover, exposure to sunlight alone triggered no reaction. Two and a half minutes of exposure time was sufficient to induce phototoxic reaction, which was time dependent (the longer the exposure the more intense the reaction). Histopathological studies showed epithelial time-dependent vacuolar degeneration. The use of sunblock diminished the intensity of the reaction but did not prevent it.
CONCLUSION
PPD can be reproduced in an animal model. It may be caused by the peel juice of Tahitian and Sicilian lemon. Because of an extremely short time of exposure (2.5 min) is sufficient to induce PPD it is necessary to alert the population, of the need for caution when handling lemons, especially outdoors despite using sunblock.
Topics: Animals; Citrus; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelium; Fruit; Rats; Time Factors; Vacuoles
PubMed: 16313243
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00186.x -
International Journal of Toxicology 2015Phototoxicity has a strong impact on drug development. Although several animal models have been developed to quantitatively assess human risks, none have been validated...
Phototoxicity has a strong impact on drug development. Although several animal models have been developed to quantitatively assess human risks, none have been validated for standardized use. In this study, we validated an in vivo phototoxicity model using Long-Evans (LE) rats treated with 4 well-known phototoxic drugs, namely 8-methoxypsoralen, lomefloxacin, sparfloxacin, and pirfenidone. Daily macroscopic observations of skin and eyes, ophthalmological examinations 4 days after dosing, and blood sampling for toxicokinetics (TKs) were performed after exposure of treated animals to ultraviolet, and dose-dependent eye and/or skin reactions were noted for all compounds. Margins of safety were calculated when possible and correlated well with known relative phototoxicity of the 4 compounds. We conclude that the present in vivo phototoxicity assay using LE rats with TK analysis can be used to quantitatively predict the risk of pharmaceutical phototoxicity in humans.
Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Cornea; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Eye; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Furocoumarins; Mice; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Pyridones; Rats, Long-Evans; Skin; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 25432946
DOI: 10.1177/1091581814559397 -
Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Oct 1998A six year old girl of Ethiopian origin suffering from atopic eczema since the age of two is presented. Prior to a visit to her grandparents in Ethiopia, she received...
A six year old girl of Ethiopian origin suffering from atopic eczema since the age of two is presented. Prior to a visit to her grandparents in Ethiopia, she received 250 mg chloroquine weekly as a prophylaxis against malaria. Three weeks thereafter, she developed sharply demarcated depigmented areas on the face, especially in the periorbital area. On returning home to Norway the medication was discontinued, and after a few weeks the first signs of repigmentation were noticed. Eight months after cessation of therapy, almost complete repigmentation had been achieved. Complete repigmentation was observed one year after the cessation of chloroquine-therapy.
Topics: Antimalarials; Black People; Child; Chloroquine; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Female; Humans; Vitiligo
PubMed: 9819726
DOI: 10.1136/jramc-144-03-11 -
JAAPA : Official Journal of the... Jun 2023Many medications are associated with phototoxicity or photoallergy, the two types of photosensitivity. Recently, a warning related to increased skin cancer risk was... (Review)
Review
Many medications are associated with phototoxicity or photoallergy, the two types of photosensitivity. Recently, a warning related to increased skin cancer risk was added to the labeling of the popular diuretic hydrochlorothiazide. This article reviews some photosensitizing medications and describes patient education on preventing and recognizing photosensitivity reactions and skin cancer.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Photosensitivity Disorders; Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Hydrochlorothiazide; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 37229580
DOI: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000931448.63999.de -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... May 1999Moxifloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with the methoxy group at position 8 of the quinolone structure that is believed to confer reduced phototoxicity, was... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
Moxifloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with the methoxy group at position 8 of the quinolone structure that is believed to confer reduced phototoxicity, was investigated in 32 healthy human male volunteers by a randomized double-blind placebo and positive control (lomefloxacin) phototest technique. A comparison of pre- and on-drug photosensitivity levels tested with an irradiation monochromator using relevant sunlight wavelengths, failed to demonstrate phototoxicity after administration of either placebo or moxifloxacin (200 mg or 400 mg/day) for 7 days. As expected, lomefloxacin (400 mg/day) phototoxicity was revealed at the UVA wavebands 335 +/- 30 nm and 365 +/- 30 nm (maximal at 24 h), with a phototoxic index of 3-4. The susceptibility to this effect rapidly normalized within 48 h of stopping the drug. No special protection from UVA wavelengths is necessary for those taking moxifloxacin.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Aza Compounds; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Double-Blind Method; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Male; Moxifloxacin; Photosensitizing Agents; Quinolines; Quinolones
PubMed: 10382879
DOI: 10.1093/jac/43.suppl_2.77 -
Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology Dec 2012The level of interest in photoirritation (phototoxicity) has increased because of the awareness among the scientific community of the increase in the UV portion of the... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The level of interest in photoirritation (phototoxicity) has increased because of the awareness among the scientific community of the increase in the UV portion of the solar spectrum reaching the earth. The need of new chemicals and drugs puts pressure on pre-test methods for side effects, especially interactive adverse effects with UV light. So pre-marketing clinical trials conducted before a new drug is licensed are essential, as such, at the early phases of the discovery process of the drug/chemical, developing an efficacious photosensitivity testing system is prudent to avoid such potential side effects.
OBJECTIVES
To review published literature and provide an overview on exogenous photosensitivity and assays used to evaluate the photosensitivity potential of drugs/chemicals. As well as testing considerations by the Regulatory bodies (namely, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the U.S Food and Drug Administration and the European Union regulatory agencies).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We searched medical and scientific search engines as well as websites of the EU and US Regulatory agencies and used keywords such as cutaneous phototoxicity, phototoxicity in vitro assays, phototoxicity in vivo assays and other related terms.
Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Photosensitizing Agents; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 22338618
DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.656293 -
Svenska Lakartidningen Nov 1959
Topics: Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Photosensitivity Disorders
PubMed: 14419900
DOI: No ID Found