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Journal of Food Science Jun 2016Several studies have shown the benefits of natural antioxidants on health and food preservation. Phytic acid (IP6) is a natural antioxidant that is found mainly in... (Review)
Review
Several studies have shown the benefits of natural antioxidants on health and food preservation. Phytic acid (IP6) is a natural antioxidant that is found mainly in cereals and vegetables and, for a long period of time, was considered an antinutritional factor. However, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of several pathological conditions and cancer. Despite the numerous benefits of IP6, the signs and intracellular interactions mediated by this antioxidant remain poorly understood. This review describes the main chemical and biological aspects of IP6, as well as its actions in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
Topics: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antioxidants; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Edible Grain; Humans; Neoplasms; Phytic Acid; Vegetables
PubMed: 27272247
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13320 -
European Journal of Oral Sciences Apr 2021We evaluated the effect of phytic acid on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- or cysteine cathepsin (CC)-mediated dentin degradation. Demineralized dentin beams were divided...
We evaluated the effect of phytic acid on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- or cysteine cathepsin (CC)-mediated dentin degradation. Demineralized dentin beams were divided into five groups (n = 12) and treated with 1%, 2%, or 3% phytic acid or with 37% phosphoric acid. Untreated demineralized beams served as controls. After incubation for 1 or 3 wk, dry mass loss was determined and aliquots of incubation media were analysed for cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) fragments for MMP-mediated and c-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) for cathepsin-k-mediated degradation. The direct effect of phytic acid was evaluated using MMP activity assay. Data were analysed using repeated-measures anova. ICTP releases with 1% and 2% phytic acid treatment were statistically significantly lower than those following phosphoric acid treatment at 3 wk. The CTX release for phytic acid-treated beams at 3 wk was not significantly different from that of untreated control beams, but it was significantly lower than that of phosphoric acid-treated beams. Their MMP activities at 3 wk were not significantly different from those of the controls but they were significantly lower than those seen for phosphoric acid-treated beams. Compared to phosphoric acid, phytic acid treatment resulted in a reduced dentinal host-derived endogenous enzymatic activity and collagen degradation.
Topics: Collagen Type I; Dentin; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 33644893
DOI: 10.1111/eos.12771 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 1980Phytic acid is present in many plant systems, constituting about 1 to 5% by weight of many cereals and legumes. Concern about its presence in food arises from evidence... (Review)
Review
Phytic acid is present in many plant systems, constituting about 1 to 5% by weight of many cereals and legumes. Concern about its presence in food arises from evidence that it decreases the bioavailability of many essential minerals by interacting with multivalent cations and/or proteins to form complexes that may be insoluble or otherwise unavailable under physiologic conditions. The precise structure of phytic acid and its salts is still a matter of controversy and lack of a good method of analysis is also a problem. It forms fairly stable chelates with almost all multivalent cations which are insoluble about pH 6 to 7, although pH, type, and concentration of cation have a tremendous influence on their solubility characteristics. In addition, at low pH and low cation concentration, phytate-protein complexes are formed due to direct electrostatic interaction, while at pH > 6 to 7, a ternary phytic acid-mineral-protein complex is formed which dissociates at high Na+ concentrations. These complexes appear to be responsible for the decreased bioavailability of the complexed minerals and are also more resistant to proteolytic digestion at low pH. Development of methods for producing low-phytate food products must take into account the nature and extent of the interactions between phytic acid and other food components. Simple mechanical treatment, such as milling, is useful for those seeds in which phytic acid tends to be localized in specific regions. Enzyme treatment, either directly with phytase or indirectly through the action of microorganisms, such as yeast during breadmaking, is quite effective, provided pH and other environmental conditions are favorable. It is also possible to produce low-phytate products by taking advantage of some specific interactions. For example, adjustment of pH and/or ionic strength so as to dissociate phytate-protein complexes and then using centrifugation or ultrafiltration (UF) has been shown to be useful. Phytic acid can also influence certain functional properties such as pH-solubility profiles of the proteins and the cookability of the seeds.
Topics: Biological Availability; Calcium; Chelating Agents; Dietary Proteins; Food; Food Handling; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron; Magnesium; Minerals; Nutritive Value; Phytic Acid; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Protein Binding; Solubility; Glycine max; Zinc
PubMed: 7002470
DOI: 10.1080/10408398009527293 -
International Journal For Vitamin and... Nov 2004Phytic acid is a potent inhibitor of native and fortification iron absorption and low absorption of iron from cereal- and/or legume-based complementary foods is a major... (Review)
Review
Phytic acid is a potent inhibitor of native and fortification iron absorption and low absorption of iron from cereal- and/or legume-based complementary foods is a major factor in the etiology of iron deficiency in infants. Dephytinization of complementary foods or soy-based infant formulas is technically possible but, as phytic acid is strongly inhibitory at low concentrations, complete enzymatic degradation is recommended. If this is not possible, the phytic acid to iron molar ratio should be decreased to below 1:1 and preferably below 0.4:1. Complete dephytinization of cereal- and legume-based complementary foods has been shown to increase the percentage of iron absorption by as much as 12-fold (0.99% to 11.54%) in a single-meal study when the foods were reconstituted with water. The addition of milk, however, inhibits iron absorption and overcomes the enhancing effect of phytic acid degradation. Dephytinization can therefore be strongly recommended only for cereal/legume mixtures reconstituted with water, especially low-cost complementary foods destined for infants in developing countries. In countries where infant cereals are consumed with milk, ascorbic acid addition can more easily be used to overcome the negative effect of phytic acid on iron absorption. Similarly with soy-based infant formulas, especially if manufactured from low-phytate isolates, ascorbic acid can be used to ensure adequate iron absorption.
Topics: 6-Phytase; Absorption; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Edible Grain; Food, Fortified; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Iron; Milk; Phytic Acid; Soy Foods
PubMed: 15743020
DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.445 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Nov 1995Phytic acid (PA), a major phosphorus storage compound of most seeds and cereal grains, contributes about 1 to 7% of their dry weight. It may account for more than 70% of... (Review)
Review
Phytic acid (PA), a major phosphorus storage compound of most seeds and cereal grains, contributes about 1 to 7% of their dry weight. It may account for more than 70% of the total kernel phosphorus. PA has the strong ability to chelate multivalent metal ions, especially zinc, calcium, and iron. The binding can result in very insoluble salts that are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, which results in poor bioavailability (BV) of minerals. Alternatively, the ability of PA to chelate minerals has been reported to have some protective effects, such as decreasing iron-mediated colon cancer risk and lowering serum cholesterol and triglycerides in experimental animals. Data from human studies are still lacking. PA is also considered to be a natural antioxidant and is suggested to have potential functions of reducing lipid peroxidation and as a preservative in foods. Finally, certain inositol phosphates, which may be derived from PA, have been noted to have a function in second messenger transduction systems. The potential nutritional significance of PA is discussed in this review.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Biological Availability; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Inositol Phosphates; Minerals; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 8777015
DOI: 10.1080/10408399509527712 -
Complementary Therapies in Medicine Dec 2002Phytic acid or IP6 has been extensively studied in animals and is being promoted as an anti-cancer agent in health food stores. It is naturally found in legumes, wheat... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Phytic acid or IP6 has been extensively studied in animals and is being promoted as an anti-cancer agent in health food stores. It is naturally found in legumes, wheat bran, and soy foods. It is believed to be the active ingredient that gives these substances their cancer fighting abilities. Proposed mechanisms of action include gene alteration, enhanced immunity, and anti-oxidant properties.
METHODS
A Medline search from 1966 to May 2002 using the keywords phytic acid and cancer, and limiting the search to the subheadings of therapeutic uses, prevention, and adverse effects revealed 28 studies. These studies were included in the review.
RESULTS
A great majority of the studies were done in animals and showed that phytic acid had anti-neoplastic properties in breast, colon, liver, leukemia, prostate, sarcomas, and skin cancer. There were no human studies. Side effects included chelation of multivalent cations, and an increase in bladder and renal papillomas. This increase in papilloma formation only occurred with the sodium salt of phytic acid. It did not occur with either the potassium or magnesium salts.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a large body of animal evidence to show that phytic acid may have a role in both the prevention and treatment of many forms of cancer. There is clearly enough evidence to justify the initiation of Phase I and Phase II clinical trials in humans.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 12594974
DOI: 10.1016/s0965-2299(02)00092-4 -
Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski : Organ... Jul 2012Phytic acid (IP6) is an inositol-derivative that has undergone phosphorylation and belongs to nutraceuticals of the high-fiber diet. This compound has a broad spectrum... (Review)
Review
Phytic acid (IP6) is an inositol-derivative that has undergone phosphorylation and belongs to nutraceuticals of the high-fiber diet. This compound has a broad spectrum of biological activities, though the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity was described. There has been observed an inhibition of tumor growth and induction of cell differentiation in the presence of IP6 in a few cancer cell lines including colon, nipple, breast, prostate, cervix, liver, pancreas, melanoma and glioblastoma. Molecular mechanisms of the IP6 mediated anticancer activity have not been fully specified. According to the current state of knowledge there can be only assumed a few ways of action. Antioxidant properties, participation in signal transduction, ability to enhance NK-cells, inhibiting influence on cell cycle, induction of differentiation in transformed cells and activation of programmed death pathways are taken into consideration.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antioxidants; Cell Cycle; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Phytic Acid; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 22993910
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2020From the early precipitation-based techniques, introduced more than a century ago, to the latest development of enzymatic bio- and nano-sensor applications, the analysis... (Review)
Review
From the early precipitation-based techniques, introduced more than a century ago, to the latest development of enzymatic bio- and nano-sensor applications, the analysis of phytic acid and/or other inositol phosphates has never been a straightforward analytical task. Due to the biomedical importance, such as antinutritional, antioxidant and anticancer effects, several types of methodologies were investigated over the years to develop a reliable determination of these intriguing analytes in many types of biological samples; from various foodstuffs to living cell organisms. The main aim of the present work was to critically overview the development of the most relevant analytical principles, separation and detection methods that have been applied in order to overcome the difficulties with specific chemical properties of inositol phosphates, their interferences, absence of characteristic signal (e.g., absorbance), and strong binding interactions with (multivalent) metals and other biological molecules present in the sample matrix. A systematical and chronological review of the applied methodology and the detection system is given, ranging from the very beginnings of the classical gravimetric and titrimetric analysis, through the potentiometric titrations, chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques, to the use of spectroscopic methods and of the recently reported fluorescence and voltammetric bio- and nano-sensors.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Humans; Inositol Phosphates; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 33396544
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010174 -
Nutrients Dec 2021Phytate (PA) serves as a phosphate storage molecule in cereals and other plant foods. In food and in the human body, PA has a high affinity to chelate Zn and Fe, Mg, Ca,...
Phytate (PA) serves as a phosphate storage molecule in cereals and other plant foods. In food and in the human body, PA has a high affinity to chelate Zn and Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Mn and Cu. As a consequence, minerals chelated in PA are not bio-available, which is a concern for public health in conditions of poor food availability and low mineral intakes, ultimately leading to an impaired micronutrient status, growth, development and increased mortality. For low-income countries this has resulted in communications on how to reduce the content of PA in food, by appropriate at home food processing. However, claims that a reduction in PA in food by processing per definition leads to a measurable improvement in mineral status and that the consumption of grains rich in PA impairs mineral status requires nuance. Frequently observed decreases of PA and increases in soluble minerals in in vitro food digestion (increased bio-accessibility) are used to promote food benefits. However, these do not necessarily translate into an increased bioavailability and mineral status in vivo. In vitro essays have limitations, such as the absence of blood flow, hormonal responses, neural regulation, gut epithelium associated factors and the presence of microbiota, which mutually influence the in vivo effects and should be considered. In Western countries, increased consumption of whole grain foods is associated with improved health outcomes, which does not justify advice to refrain from grain-based foods because they contain PA. The present commentary aims to clarify these seemingly controversial aspects.
Topics: Bread; Diet, Healthy; Humans; Micronutrients; Phytic Acid; Whole Grains
PubMed: 35010899
DOI: 10.3390/nu14010025 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Feb 2021Highly specific enrichment of phosphopeptides from complex biological samples was a precondition for further studying its physiological and pathological processes due to...
Highly specific enrichment of phosphopeptides from complex biological samples was a precondition for further studying its physiological and pathological processes due to the important and trace amounts of phosphopeptides. In this work, phytic acid (PA) functionalized magnetic cerium and zirconium bimetallic metal-organic framework nanocomposites (denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@Ce-Zr-MOF@PA) were fabricated by a facile yet efficient method. The as-prepared nanomaterial exhibited high sensitivity (0.1 fmol μL-1), high selectivity toward phosphopeptides from β-casein tryptic digests/BSA (1 : 800), and good reusability of five cycles for enriching phosphopeptides. This affinity probe was applied to biological samples, and 19, 4 and 15 phosphopeptides were identified from non-fat milk, human serum and human saliva, respectively. The above marked advantages are attributed to the strong affinity of the abundant Ce-O and Zr-O nanoclusters on the surface of the MOF shell with the improved hydrophilicity from a great number of phosphate groups. Therefore, the novel Fe3O4@SiO2@Ce-Zr-MOF@PA nanospheres could not only enrich phosphopeptides effectively, but also reduce the adsorption of phosphopeptides, manifesting great potential in the identification and further analysis of low abundance phosphopeptides in complex biological samples.
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Molecular Conformation; Particle Size; Phosphopeptides; Phytic Acid; Surface Properties
PubMed: 33503098
DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02517h