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Archives of Pharmacal Research Dec 2015During the past decades, phytochemical terpenoids, polyphenols, lignans, flavonoids, and alkaloids have been identified as antioxidative and cytoprotective agents.... (Review)
Review
During the past decades, phytochemical terpenoids, polyphenols, lignans, flavonoids, and alkaloids have been identified as antioxidative and cytoprotective agents. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a kinase that controls redox-state and oxidative stress in the cell, and serves as a key molecule regulating energy metabolism. Many phytochemicals directly or indirectly alter the AMPK pathway in distinct manners, exerting catabolic metabolism. Some of them are considered promising in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Another important kinase that regulates energy metabolism is Fyn kinase, a member of the Src family kinases that plays a role in various cellular responses such as insulin signaling, cell growth, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Phytochemical inhibition of Fyn leads to AMPK-mediated protection of the cell in association with increased antioxidative capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis. The kinases may work together to form a signaling circuitry for the homeostasis of energy conservation and expenditure, and may serve as targets of phytochemicals. This review is intended as a compilation of recent advancements in the pharmacological research of phytochemicals targeting Fyn and AMPK circuitry, providing information for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases and the accompanying tissue injuries.
Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Phytochemicals; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 25951818
DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0611-x -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022The genus is highly esteemed in the pharmacy industry, in the culinary field, and as ornamental plants. These plants are also valued in traditional medicine. Among all... (Review)
Review
The genus is highly esteemed in the pharmacy industry, in the culinary field, and as ornamental plants. These plants are also valued in traditional medicine. Among all species, L. (opium poppy) is the most important species in supplying phytochemicals for the formulation of drugs, mainly alkaloids like morphine, codeine, rhoeadine, thebaine, and papaverine. In addition, plants present other types of phytochemicals, which altogether are responsible for its biological activities. Therefore, this review covers the phytochemical composition of r plants, including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. The traditional uses are reviewed along with their pharmacological activities. Moreover, safety aspects are reported to provide a deep overview of the pharmacology potential of this genus. An updated search was carried out in databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed to retrieve the information. Overall, this genus is a rich source of alkaloids of different types and also contains interesting phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and the characteristic indole derivatives nudicaulins. Among other pharmacological properties, numerous preclinical studies have been published about the analgesic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of plants. Although it highlights the significant impact of this genus for the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions, as a future prospect, characterization works accompanying preclinical studies are required along with clinical and toxicology studies to establish a correlation between the scientific and traditional knowledge.
Topics: Papaver; Anthocyanins; Alkaloids; Phytochemicals; Medicine, Traditional
PubMed: 36824615
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2041769 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2021Cyperaceae are a plant family of grass-like monocots, comprising 5600 species with a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Phytochemically, is... (Review)
Review
Cyperaceae are a plant family of grass-like monocots, comprising 5600 species with a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Phytochemically, is one of the most promising health supplementing genera of the Cyperaceae family, housing ≈950 species, with L. being the most reported species in pharmacological studies. The traditional uses of spp. have been reported against various diseases, , gastrointestinal and respiratory affections, blood disorders, menstrual irregularities, and inflammatory diseases. spp. are known to contain a plethora of bioactive compounds such as -cyperone, -corymbolol, -pinene, caryophyllene oxide, cyperotundone, germacrene D, mustakone, and zierone, which impart pharmacological properties to its extract. Therefore, sp. extracts were preclinically studied and reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidepressive, antiarthritic, antiobesity, vasodilator, spasmolytic, bronchodilator, and estrogenic biofunctionalities. Nonetheless, conclusive evidence is still sparse regarding its clinical applications on human diseases. Further studies focused on toxicity data and risk assessment are needed to elucidate its safe and effective application. Moreover, detailed structure-activity studies also need time to explore the candidature of -derived phytochemicals as upcoming drugs in pharmaceuticals.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Cell Proliferation; Cyperus; Microglia; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34539969
DOI: 10.1155/2021/4014867 -
Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene... 2018The genus Datura comprises wild shrub plants that belong to the Solanaceae family. Naturally, they possess both medicinal and poisonous properties due to the presence of... (Review)
Review
The genus Datura comprises wild shrub plants that belong to the Solanaceae family. Naturally, they possess both medicinal and poisonous properties due to the presence of many biologically active phytochemical constituents. Traditionally, Datura had been used for mystic and religious purposes, as a natural drug to treat asthma, pain, gout, boils, abscesses, and wounds, and as psychoactive infusions and fumitories. Different Datura species exhibit diverse ethnopharmacological activities against different diseases, and many ancient and traditional cultures have used various forms of Datura to treat ailments and to prevent many diseases. In this article, we comprehensively summarize various phytochemical constituents isolated from Datura, their pharmacological properties against different diseases, parts of the plants used as traditional therapeutic agents, regions where they are located, and botanical descriptions of different Datura species. The ethnopharmacological properties of Datura may provide new insights for discovery and development of natural drugs. Further research is needed for the investigation of mechanisms of action and to develop safety profiles of the phytochemical constituents isolated from Datura species.
Topics: Datura; Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 30311569
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2018022531 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Apr 2022Chenopodium album L., is a medicinal plant widely cultivated in Europe, North America, Iran, South Africa, Australia, South America, and Asia. This species is commonly... (Review)
Review
Chenopodium album L., is a medicinal plant widely cultivated in Europe, North America, Iran, South Africa, Australia, South America, and Asia. This species is commonly used in folk medicine to treat many diseases such as cancer, viral infections, parasitic diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, as well as bacterial and fungal infections. The present review was carried out to highlight previous studies on C. album, including its botanical description, geographical distribution, genetic diversity, ecological variability, ethnomedicinal use, bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties, and toxicology. The data collected on C. album was generated using various scientific research databases such as SciFinder, PubMed, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and Wiley Online. In this review, the data presented focus on C. album to elucidate its ethnomedicinal use, pharmacological activities, and chemical composition in order to investigate the possible therapeutic pathways of the plant. Analysis of the findings showed that C. album has a capital power in various therapeutic uses such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, antipruritic, anticancer, antiulcer, antirheumatic, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory as well as other biological functions. Indeed, data on the chemical composition of the extracts and essential oils of this plant revealed its richness in secondary metabolites. The results of this paper prove that the pharmacological properties of C. album confirm its traditional importance in the international traditional pharmacopeia. This species notably exhibits various biological activities; antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects. However, toxicological investigations and pharmacokinetic validation are necessary in order to identify a possible toxicity of this plant for future clinical trials and to validate its bioavailability.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Chenopodium album; Genetic Variation; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 35337553
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110979 -
Alternative Therapies in Health and... Mar 2024Trichomonas tenax is an oral protozoan with an estimated global pooled prevalence of 17% in the human population.1 Observational studies have demonstrated a significant... (Review)
Review
Trichomonas tenax is an oral protozoan with an estimated global pooled prevalence of 17% in the human population.1 Observational studies have demonstrated a significant statistical correlation between oral colonization by T. tenax and the progression of periodontal disease.2 Proposed pathogenic mechanisms for this protozoan include the production of tissue-damaging enzymes, induction of apoptosis in human cells, and dysbiosis of the oral microbiome.3 In patients for whom metronidazole (MTZ) is contraindicated, phytochemicals may offer a viable alternative for controlling T. tenax. Various plant extracts have shown promising in vitro activity against other trichomonads, such as T. vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus, as reviewed by Friedman et al.4.
Topics: Humans; Phytochemicals; Trichomonas; Trichomonas Infections; Plant Extracts; Antiprotozoal Agents
PubMed: 38518169
DOI: No ID Found -
Fitoterapia Dec 2023The genus Malvastrum, from the family Malvaceae, is a small genus of twenty four species, distributed worldwide. Some of the species have a long and rich history of... (Review)
Review
The genus Malvastrum, from the family Malvaceae, is a small genus of twenty four species, distributed worldwide. Some of the species have a long and rich history of ethnobotanical and traditional medicinal uses. Few reports of systematic scientific studies can be found in the literature which highlight the rich chemical profile and pharmacological properties of the genus. This is the first ever attempt to compile the available literature and provide a critical overview for future studies on the genus. For this purpose, several databases, such as PubMed, Scifinder, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and others were utilized. Literature records the presence of bioactive metabolites in the genus, effective against dysentery, gastrointestinal distress, fever, enteritis, hepatitis, cough, sore throat, arthritis, and diabetes. Seventy four biologically active secondary metabolites have been identified from different species of Malvastrum, including four pure isolates. Furthermore, this report also documents their potential properties. This article may prove as a milestone for new researchers, eager to work on Malvastrum species and perform further in-depth studies on this genus.
Topics: Ethnopharmacology; Phytotherapy; Molecular Structure; Ethnobotany; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 37673276
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105666 -
BioMed Research International 2014Boerhavia diffusa (BD) is a plant of rasayana category as per ayurvedic claims. It is reported to possess antiaging, disease prevention, and life strengthening... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Boerhavia diffusa (BD) is a plant of rasayana category as per ayurvedic claims. It is reported to possess antiaging, disease prevention, and life strengthening activities which hold enormous influence in disease burden and affordability/availability of healthcare in the world. Objective. This paper has been compiled to comment on the studies reported for BD to highlight its chemical and therapeutic potential along with its ethnopharmacological considerations.
METHODS
In the present paper, a detailed account of chemical constituents and pharmacological activities has been presented. All the findings were correlated with modern pharmacological activities to appraise the value of BD.
RESULTS
Chemical analysis of BD gives a wide variety of chemical constituents, namely, rotenoids, flavonoids, xanthones, purine nucleoside, lignans, and steroids. Various ethnopharmacological reports emphasize its role in disorders of reproductive system, gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, urinary system, hepatic system/jaundice, cardiovascular system, and cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
The studies on the therapeutic activities of BD range from studies on crude extracts to isolated compounds; however some of the studies require sophistication and validated results. BD is a plant of enormous importance in the purview of its chemical and therapeutic properties.
Topics: Humans; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Nyctaginaceae; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 24949473
DOI: 10.1155/2014/808302 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jul 2022Rhus chinensis Mill., firstly recorded as herbal medicine in Shan Hai Jing, have been used for thousands of years to treat various diseases. (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Rhus chinensis Mill., firstly recorded as herbal medicine in Shan Hai Jing, have been used for thousands of years to treat various diseases.
AIM OF THIS REVIEW
This review targets on the ethnomedicinal applications of R. chinensis and to gather the phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data which support the therapeutic potential of R. chinensis in treatment on different diseases, with emphasis on the naturally occurring compounds and detailed pharmacological developments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The information of R. chinensis was collected based on a variety of popular databases such as Scifinder, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer, Wiley, ACS, CNKI, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar and other published materials (books and Ph.D. and M. Sc. Dissertations). The keywords "Rhus chinensis", "Rhus amela", "Rhus javanica", "Rhus osbeckii", "Rhus semialata", and "Schinus indicus" were applied to search the literature related in this review.
RESULTS
152 natural compounds of R. chinensis belong to different classes are presented in this review, including flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, simple phenolics, urushiols, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids and other types of constituents. Among them, flavonoids, lignans, and triterpenoids are most frequently reported components. The pharmacological effects of R. chinensis were numerous and complicated, including anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective, anti-proliferation, enzyme-inhibiting, anti-oxidants and so on.
CONCLUSION
In order to discover more compounds with novel structures to both enrich chemical context of genus Rhus and expand the variety of constituents, the phytochemical research is urgent and indispensable. Anti-diarrhea, the most widely application of R. chinensis traditionally, is insufficient in underlying mechanism exploration. And for other activities, in-depth studies on the mechanism of pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro are both needed. Meanwhile, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, quality control and preclinical and clinical data are urgent to assess the rationale and safety of the medicinal and food application of R. chinensis.
Topics: Ethnopharmacology; Flavonoids; Lignans; Phytochemicals; Rhus; Triterpenes
PubMed: 35430289
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115288 -
Natural Product Research Feb 2022Maiden & Betche is cultivated around the world for its highly valued nuts (macadamia nuts). Although the chemical composition of the edible macadamia oil has been...
Maiden & Betche is cultivated around the world for its highly valued nuts (macadamia nuts). Although the chemical composition of the edible macadamia oil has been repeatedly investigated, other plant organs have not been phytochemically or biologically assessed. In this study, ethanolic extract of leaves was phytochemically investigated which led to the isolation of 6 compounds. Two functional galactolipids, monogalactosyl diacylglycrol 36:4 (MGDG 36:4), digalactosyl monoacylglycerol 18:2 (DGMG 18:2), gallic acid and protocatechuic acid were identified in the genus for the first time, in addition to the cyanogenic glycoside dhurrin and -sitosterol. Additionally, anti-tyrosinase activity of the extract, its fractions and isolated compounds was investigated and a good tyrosinase inhibitory activity was observed for the extract, IC=85 µg/mL and its polar fractions (ethyl acetate at 60 µg/mL and -butanol at 75 µg/mL), with gallic acid showing strong anti-tyrosinase activity at IC 56 µg/mL.
Topics: Macadamia; Nuts; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 33207965
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1849203