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Ficus plants: State of the art from a phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological perspective.Phytotherapy Research : PTR Mar 2021Ficus genus is typically tropical plants and is among the earliest fruit trees cultivated by humans. Ficus carica L. is the common fig, Ficus benjamina L. is the weeping... (Review)
Review
Ficus genus is typically tropical plants and is among the earliest fruit trees cultivated by humans. Ficus carica L. is the common fig, Ficus benjamina L. is the weeping fig, and Ficus pumila L. is the creeping fig. These species are commonly used in traditional medicine for a wide range of diseases and contain rich secondary metabolites that have shown diverse applications. This comprehensive review describes for Ficus genus the phytochemical compounds, traditional uses and contemporary pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and anticonvulsant. An extended survey of the current literature (Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed) has been carried out as part of the current work. The trends in the phytochemistry, pharmacological mechanisms and activities of Ficus genus are overviewed in this manuscript: antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, antiseizure and anti-Parkinson's diseases, cytotoxic and antioxidant. Health-promoting effects, recent human clinical studies, safety and adverse effects of Ficus plants also are covered. The medical potential and long-term pharmacotherapeutic use of the genus Ficus along with no serious reported adverse events, suggests that it can be considered as being safe.
Topics: Ficus; Humans; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 33025667
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6884 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Nov 2022Pinellia ternata tuber (PTT), the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit., has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine for drying dampness,... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Pinellia ternata tuber (PTT), the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit., has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine for drying dampness, resolving phlegm, down-bearing counterflow to check vomiting and dissipating masses. Modern pharmacology studies have revealed that PTT has diverse pharmacological effects such as antitussive and expectorant, anti-emetic, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effect, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive evaluation on ethnopharmacological uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological effects, analytical methods and quality control of PTT, which would provide scientific evidence for exploring future therapeutic, and formulating quality and safety criteria of PTT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pertinent information was systematically collected from several electronic scientific databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley Online Library and China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), as well as the classic Chinese medical books.
RESULTS
PTT is reported to be widely used traditionally for the treatment of cough, vomiting, infection, and inflammatory diseases in many southeast Asian countries. Phytochemical studies have revealed the presence of a total of 233 compounds belonging to alkaloids, nucleosides, organic acids, polysaccharides, volatile oils, amino acids, proteins, starches, etc. The extracts and components of PTT have possessed diverse pharmacological activities, such as antitussive, antiemetic, antitumor, antibacterial, and sedative-hypnotic activities. Raw P. ternata tuber (RPTT) with a pungent taste causes acrid irritation of the oral and laryngopharynx mucosa when taken by mistake, while its toxicity and side effects of RPTT can be dramatically reduced with proper processing. Three kinds of processed P. ternata tuber with different processing methods are available and traded in market, as well as applied in clinical treatments. Additionally, although raw or processed PTT have been recorded in several mainstream pharmacopoeias such as Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Japanese Pharmacopoeia, and Korean Pharmacopoeia, the quality items and requirements varies a lot. Therefore, a unified international standard of raw and processed PTT is urgent need to be done.
CONCLUSIONS
The ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological and quality evaluation of PTT were highlighted in this review, which provides potential reference information to future investigate and commercially explore for pharmaceutical applications. Nevertheless, an efficient method for chemical profiling is still unavailable to find potent bioactive markers for quality control, and then comprehensive pharmacological effects and mechanisms and toxicological evaluation of PTT require further detailed research to ensure their quality and safety.
Topics: Antitussive Agents; Ethnopharmacology; Phytochemicals; Pinellia; Quality Control; Vomiting
PubMed: 35988838
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115650 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Dec 2023The plant kingdom has long been considered a valuable source for therapeutic agents, however, some plant species still untapped and need to be phytochemically and...
BACKGROUND
The plant kingdom has long been considered a valuable source for therapeutic agents, however, some plant species still untapped and need to be phytochemically and biologically explored. Although several Atriplex species have been investigated in depth, A. leucoclada, a halophytic plant native to Saudi Arabian desert, remains to be explored for its phytochemical content and biological potentials. Herein, the current study investigated the metabolic content and the anti-inflammatory potential of A. leucoclada.
METHODS
Powdered aerial parts of the plant were defatted with n-hexane then the defatted powder was extracted with 80% methanol. n-Hexane extract (ATH) was analyzed using GC-MS, while the defatted extract (ATD) was subjected to different chromatographic methods to isolate the major phytoconstituents. The structures of the purified compounds were elucidated using different spectroscopic methods including advanced NMR techniques. Anti-inflammatory activity of both extracts against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were examined in vitro. Molecular docking of the identified compounds into the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes was conducted using pdb entries 6Y3C and 5IKV, respectively.
RESULTS
Phytochemical investigation of ATD extract led to purification and identification of nine compounds. Interestingly, all the compounds, except for 20-hydroxy ecdysone (1), are reported for the first time from A. leucoclada, also luteolin (6) and pallidol (8) are isolated for the first time from genus Atriplex. Inhibitory activity of ATD and ATH extracts against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes revealed concentration dependent activity of both fractions with IC 41.22, 14.40 μg/ml for ATD and 16.74 and 5.96 μg/ml for ATH against COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Both extracts displayed selectivity indices of 2.86 and 2.80, respectively as compared to 2.56 for Ibuprofen indicating a promising selectivity towards COX-2. Molecular docking study supported in vitro testing results, where purified metabolites showed binding affinity scores ranged from -9 to -6.4 and -8.5 to -6.6 kcal/mol for COX-1 and 2, respectively, in addition the binding energies of GC-MS detected compounds ranged from -8.9 to -5.5 and -8.3 to -5.1 kcal/mol for COX-1 and 2, respectively as compared to Ibuprofen (-6.9 and -7.5 kcal/mol, respectively), indicating high binding affinities of most of the compounds. Analysis of the binding orientations revealed variable binding patterns depending on the nature of the compounds. Our study suggested A. leucoclada as a generous source for anti-inflammatory agents.
Topics: Atriplex; Plant Extracts; Molecular Docking Simulation; Cyclooxygenase 2; Ibuprofen; Saudi Arabia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 38104070
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04281-5 -
Plant Foods For Human Nutrition... Mar 2022Diet provides energy and nutrition for human survival, and also provides various joy of taste. Extensive studies have shown that the major components of diet, such as... (Review)
Review
Diet provides energy and nutrition for human survival, and also provides various joy of taste. Extensive studies have shown that the major components of diet, such as protein, carbohydrate and fat, play important roles in regulating aging and longevity. Whether other dietary ingredients can help prevent aging and extend longevity is a very interesting question. Here based on recent findings, we discussed dietary plant ingredients that can extend longevity by regulation of metabolism, targeting TRP channels, mitophagy, senescence pathways and circadian rhythms. Better understanding of the detailed effects and mechanisms of dietary ingredients on longevity regulation, would be helpful for developing new intervention tools for preventing aging and aging related diseases.
Topics: Diet; Longevity; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 35025006
DOI: 10.1007/s11130-021-00946-z -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Dec 2021Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) is an annual plant, which has been domesticated for well over 5000 years. It is widely cultivated for its seeds and is one of the oldest... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) is an annual plant, which has been domesticated for well over 5000 years. It is widely cultivated for its seeds and is one of the oldest known oilseed crops. Traditionally, its seeds, seed oil, and different organs of the plant have been used to treat various diseases or conditions like ulcers, asthma, wound healing, amenorrhea, hemorrhoids, inflammations, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: The main aim of this review is to provide an outline and to assess the reported ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of Sesamum indicum L.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An extensive literature survey was done on various search engines like PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Science direct, etc. Other literature sources like Wikipedia, Ethnobotanical books, Chapters were also studied to get maximum information possible on the Sesamum indicum L.
RESULTS
Over 160 different phytochemical compounds have been characterized and isolated from seeds, seed oil, and various plant organs, including lignans, polyphenols, phytosterols, phenols, anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, triterpenes, cerebroside, fatty acids, vitamins, proteins, essential amino acids, and sugars using suitable analytical techniques (e.g., LC-MS, GC-MS, HPTLC, HPLC). All the reported pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anticancer, antipyretic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory are due to the virtue of these phytochemical compounds.
CONCLUSION
This review mainly highlights the botanical aspect of Sesamum indicum and its phytochemical constituents, ethnomedicinal uses, different pharmacological activities followed by ongoing clinical trials and future prospects. Sesamum indicum has great importance in traditional Indian medicine, which is further supported by modern pharmacological studies, especially in hepatoprotection, inflammation, and cancer. Several researchers have suggested that Sesamum indicum extracts and isolated compounds could have a wide therapeutic potency range. More research is needed to uncover key features of Sesamum indicum in medical practice, such as structure-activity relationships, toxicity, and therapeutic potential. In order to fully explore the plant's potential, safety assessments and implementation of an integrated cultivation method are also areas that need to investigate.
Topics: Animals; Ethnobotany; Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Sesamum
PubMed: 34364969
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114503 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology May 2014The genus Hydnocarpus (Flacourtiaceae) includes forty species that are spread across the globe. In the Indian System of Medicine, Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.)... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
The genus Hydnocarpus (Flacourtiaceae) includes forty species that are spread across the globe. In the Indian System of Medicine, Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken. is primarily used for treating leprosy and other skin disorders. It is known as "Chaulmoogra" and is also used to treat other indications including constipation, inflammation, blood disorders, and worm infestations. Various species of Hydnocarpus are also used in traditional medicine in China, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar for several skin disorders. To assess the therapeutic potential of species from the Hydnocarpus genus and to determine future avenues for research.
METHODS
All relevant scientific literature published up to the end of December 2013 was retrieved via a library and electronic search (SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar). Manual searches of traditional books like to ancient classics, including Vaidya Yoga Ratnavali, Siddha Materia Medica, and contemporary references including The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and The Ayurveda Formulary, were also performed.
RESULTS
Seed oil from species of the Hydnocarpus genus is used for medicinal purposes, predominantly for various skin disorders. This oil is reported to contain a characteristic class of compounds known as cyclopentenyl fatty acids. Furthermore, seeds of this genus are reported to contain triglycerides of fatty acids, sterols, flavonoids, and flavonolignans. Hydnocarpin, a flavonolignan, is reported to potentiate antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The extracts and compounds isolated from this plant show a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antileprotic, antitubercular, antipsoriatic, antirheumatic, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The antileprotic activity is postulated to be due to the cyclopentenyl fatty acids present in the seed oil.
CONCLUSION
Flavonolignans have an interesting chemical motif, and hydnocarpin and its congeners should be investigated for their activities and the mechanism underlying these activities. Multi-drug-resistant microbes are on the increase, and the possible inhibitory effect of these compounds when used with current antimicrobials should also be evaluated. Furthermore, unique cyclopentenyl fatty acids should also be investigated to understand the exact mechanism of action underlying antileprotic activity. Additional in depth phytochemical investigations of seed oil and extracts are required to tap the true potential of species from the Hydnocarpus genus.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Leprosy; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Salicaceae
PubMed: 24732111
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.029 -
Phytotherapy Research : PTR Jul 2018Azadirachta indica L. is a multipurpose medicinal tree of family Meliaceae. It occurs in tropical and semitropical regions of the world. Different parts of this... (Review)
Review
Azadirachta indica L. is a multipurpose medicinal tree of family Meliaceae. It occurs in tropical and semitropical regions of the world. Different parts of this miraculous tree are used to treat pyrexia, headache, ulcer, respiratory disorders, cancer, diabetes, leprosy, malaria, dengue, chicken pox, and dermal complications. The tree is popular for its pharmacological attributes such as hypolipidemic, antifertility, microbicidal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, insecticidal, nematicidal, antiulcer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antileishmaniasis properties. A. indica is also rich in various phytochemicals for pharmaceuticals such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. The fungicidal potential of the tree is due to the presence of azadirachtin and nimbin. Herein, we have compiled a comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, pharmacological attributes, and therapeutic prospective of this multipurpose tree.
Topics: Azadirachta; Humans; Limonins; Neoplasms; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Prospective Studies; Terpenes
PubMed: 29671907
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6076 -
Natural Product Research Apr 2022Natural Products phytochemical provide a rich source for therapeutic discovery and has led to the development of many drugs. Thus, the aim of this study was to obtaining...
Natural Products phytochemical provide a rich source for therapeutic discovery and has led to the development of many drugs. Thus, the aim of this study was to obtaining a metabolic profiling from ethanol extract of leaves (EEIS) selected by bioassay antimalarial and nematostatic and identify metabolites in mixture by co-injection experiments and NMR spectroscopy. The chemical composition of this species indicated a wide variety of aromatic acids (vanillic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoic acid, gallic acid, , -coumaric acid and ferulic acid), flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin-3-rhamnoside and myricetin-3--(2"-O-)--rhamnopyranoside), triterpenes (lupeol, -amyrin, friedelin and oleanolic acid) and the 2-hydroxyethyl-dodecanoate. The antimalarial assay showed that the hexane fraction presented higher inhibition percentage than the Chloroquine standard and may be considered a potential source of compounds with antimalarial activity while the and its fractions showed nematostatic potential below 17% in the assay of nematostatic evaluation against the parasite .
Topics: Antiparasitic Agents; Fabaceae; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 32901524
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1817918 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Dec 2021The Onagraceae is a widely distributed family of flowering plants comprises about 17 genera and more than 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees. Onagraceae also common... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
The Onagraceae is a widely distributed family of flowering plants comprises about 17 genera and more than 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees. Onagraceae also common as willowherb family or evening primrose family is divided into two subfamilies; Ludwigioideae (mainly genus; Ludwigia) and Onagroideae. Family Onagraceae is characterized by its numerous traditional uses as treatment of hormonal imbalances, urinary system ailments, prostate health maintenance, and antimicrobial effects.
AIM OF THE STUDY
This review aims to introduce a holistic overview on the phytochemical composition, economical importance and ethnopharmacological value of different species of family Onagraceae.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature review was performed using different data bases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Reaxys searching for articles focused on phytochemical composition, bioactivity and ethnopharmacological history of Onagraceae species.
RESULTS
Different species of Onagraceae were reported to have a great variety of phytochemicals including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, saponins, and volatile/fixed oils. Onagraceae exhibited several health benefits and pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic and analgesic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial.
CONCLUSIONS
Family Onagraceae is an extremely important family with diverse phytochemical composition which enriches their pharmacological importance and hence it's commercial and economical value.
Topics: Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Medicine, Traditional; Onagraceae; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy
PubMed: 34314807
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114450 -
BioMed Research International 2020root is a traditional medicinal plant in China and used to treat inflammatory diseases for centuries, but its phytochemical profiling and biological functions are still...
root is a traditional medicinal plant in China and used to treat inflammatory diseases for centuries, but its phytochemical profiling and biological functions are still unknown. Thus, a rapid, efficient, and precise method based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was applied to rapidly analyse the phytochemical profiling of with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities . As a result, a total of 78 chemical compositions, including 15 phenylpropanoids, 15 alkaloids, 14 flavonoids, 14 fatty acids, 7 phenols, 4 steroids, 4 cyclic peptides, 3 terpenoids, and 2 others, were identified or tentatively characterized in the roots of . . Moreover, alkaloid and cyclic peptide were reported from . for the first time. In addition, the ethanol crude extract of D. dentiger roots exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory activity against cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 inhibitory and antioxidant activities . This study is the first to explore the phytochemical analysis and COX-2 inhibitory activity of . This study can provide important phytochemical profiles and biological functions for the application of roots as a new source of natural COX-2 inhibitors and antioxidants in pharmaceutical industry.
Topics: Alkaloids; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Araliaceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Reference Standards; Sulfonic Acids
PubMed: 33294445
DOI: 10.1155/2020/5084057