-
Pediatric Research Aug 2015Phytosterols in soybean oil (SO) lipids likely contribute to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) in infants. No characterization of phytosterol...
BACKGROUND
Phytosterols in soybean oil (SO) lipids likely contribute to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) in infants. No characterization of phytosterol metabolism has been done in infants receiving SO lipids.
METHODS
In a prospective cohort study, 45 neonates (36 SO lipid vs. 9 control) underwent serial blood sample measurements of sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. Mathematical modeling was used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of phytosterol metabolism and phytosterol exposure.
RESULTS
Compared to controls, SO lipid-exposed infants had significantly higher levels of sitosterol and campesterol (P < 0.01). During SO lipid infusion, sitosterol and campesterol reached half of steady-state plasma levels within 1.5 and 0.8 d, respectively. Steady-state level was highest for sitosterol (1.68 mg/dl), followed by campesterol (0.98 mg/dl), and lowest for stigmasterol (0.01 mg/dl). Infants born < 28 wk gestational age had higher sitosterol steady-state levels (P = 0.03) and higher area under the curve for sitosterol (P = 0.03) during the first 5 d of SO lipid (AUC5) than infants born ≥ 28 wk gestational age.
CONCLUSION
Phytosterols in SO lipid accumulate rapidly in neonates. Very preterm infants receiving SO lipid have higher sitosterol exposure, and may have poorly developed mechanisms of eliminating phytosterols that may contribute to their vulnerability to PNALD.
Topics: Female; Half-Life; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Parenteral Nutrition; Phytosterols; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 25897540
DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.78 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Oct 2017This study aimed to investigate the effect of metal ions on the degradation of phytosterols in oils. The oil was heated at 180°C for 1h with/without addition of Fe, Fe,...
This study aimed to investigate the effect of metal ions on the degradation of phytosterols in oils. The oil was heated at 180°C for 1h with/without addition of Fe, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Na, Al and Mg. Variations of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, brassicasterol and their degradation products were confirmed by the GC-MS analysis. In general, the increase of the metal ion concentration resulted in more phytosterol degradation, and the ability of metal ions following decreasing order: Fe>Fe>Mn≥Cu≥Zn>Na≥Mg>Al. Metal ions significantly induced phytosterol autoxidation on C5, C6 and C7 on Ring B of steroid nucleus at even a low concentration, and induced dehydration on the C3 hydroxyl to form dienes and trienes at high concentration. The metal ions in oils are accounted for increasing phytosterol degradation, which decreases food nutritional quality and gives rise to the formation of undesirable compounds.
Topics: Antioxidants; Cholestadienols; Cholesterol; Food Analysis; Food Handling; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hot Temperature; Nutritive Value; Oils; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Steroids; Stigmasterol
PubMed: 28888444
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.028 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Aug 2011Besides being cholesterol-lowering agents, phytosterols (PS) can inhibit the growth and development of tumours. The anti-neoplastic activity is accounted for by PS...
Besides being cholesterol-lowering agents, phytosterols (PS) can inhibit the growth and development of tumours. The anti-neoplastic activity is accounted for by PS incorporation into cell membranes, resulting in the interference of membrane functionality. The similarity between the PS cholesterol-lowering and anti-neoplastic effective doses deserves attention on the possible adverse effects even in non-neoplastic cells. To date, few studies have addressed the clarification of this important issue. In the present study, we supplemented primary, non-neoplastic neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with two different PS concentrations (3 or 6 μg/ml), both within the range of human plasma concentration. Cardiac cells were chosen as an experimental model since the heart has been reported as the target organ for subchronic toxicity of PS. Following supplementation, a dose-dependent incorporation of PS and a decrease in cholesterol content were clearly evidenced. PS did not induce apoptosis but caused a reduction in metabolic activity (measured as 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) conversion) and a slowing down of cell growth. The lower MTT conversion and the similar lactate dehydrogenase release could suggest that PS more efficiently target mitochondria than plasma membrane integrity. The replacement of cholesterol by PS could also have caused the observed slowing down of cell growth and the reduction in metabolic activity, which could rely on the PS increase, cholesterol decrease, or both. The present study is the first report on the effect of PS in cardiac cells, and although it is difficult to translate the obtained results to the health of heart tissue, it raises concerns about the safety of long-term exposure to physiologically relevant PS concentrations.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol; Heart Ventricles; Myocytes, Cardiac; Osmolar Concentration; Phytosterols; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 21554812
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511000626 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2009The differences between the biosynthesis of sterols in higher plants and yeast/mammals are believed to originate at the cyclization step of oxidosqualene, which is...
The differences between the biosynthesis of sterols in higher plants and yeast/mammals are believed to originate at the cyclization step of oxidosqualene, which is cyclized to cycloartenol in higher plants and lanosterol in yeast/mammals. Recently, lanosterol synthase genes were identified from dicotyledonous plant species including Arabidopsis, suggesting that higher plants possess dual biosynthetic pathways to phytosterols via lanosterol, and through cycloartenol. To identify the biosynthetic pathway to phytosterol via lanosterol, and to reveal the contributions to phytosterol biosynthesis via each cycloartenol and lanosterol, we performed feeding experiments by using [6-(13)C(2)H(3)]mevalonate with Arabidopsis seedlings. Applying (13)C-{(1)H}{(2)H} nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, the elucidation of deuterium on C-19 behavior of phytosterol provided evidence that small amounts of phytosterol were biosynthesized via lanosterol. The levels of phytosterol increased on overexpression of LAS1, and phytosterols derived from lanosterol were not observed in a LAS1-knockout plant. This is direct evidence to indicate that the biosynthetic pathway for phytosterol via lanosterol exists in plant cells. We designate the biosynthetic pathway to phytosterols via lanosterol "the lanosterol pathway." LAS1 expression is reported to be induced by the application of jasmonate and is thought to have evolved from an ancestral cycloartenol synthase to a triterpenoid synthase, such as beta-amyrin synthase and lupeol synthase. Considering this background, the lanosterol pathway may contribute to the biosynthesis of not only phytosterols, but also steroids as secondary metabolites.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Intramolecular Transferases; Lanosterol; Mevalonic Acid; Phytosterols; Seedlings; Sitosterols; Triterpenes
PubMed: 19139393
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807675106 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2021This study aimed to carry out an exhaustive chemical characterization of citrus (orange, mandarin, and grapefruit) decoctions as well as the residues obtained during the...
This study aimed to carry out an exhaustive chemical characterization of citrus (orange, mandarin, and grapefruit) decoctions as well as the residues obtained during the decoction process (by-products). The citrus decoctions were rich in hesperidin, naringin, and narirutin, but carotenoids and phytosterols were not detected. Interestingly, these flavanones were found in a higher concentration in the extractable polyphenol fraction of the citrus decoction by-products. Moreover, the greatest content of hesperidin and naringin was found bound to the food matrix by ether/ester bonds. Violaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were found as major carotenoids in the orange and mandarin decoction by-products, respectively, whereas the grapefruit decoction by-product showed a low content of carotenoids. All citrus by-products showed β-sitosterol as the major phytosterol, followed by β-campesterol. Therefore, the by-products obtained during the elaboration of citrus decoctions are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can be used for the development of functional foods or dietary supplements.
Topics: Carotenoids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrus; Mass Spectrometry; Phytosterols; Polyphenols
PubMed: 33592362
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129239 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Jan 2021Phytosterols are plant components with health benefits. Oleaginous seed hybridization can be relevant to increase phytosterols in diet through enriched oils. Sunflower...
BACKGROUND
Phytosterols are plant components with health benefits. Oleaginous seed hybridization can be relevant to increase phytosterols in diet through enriched oils. Sunflower oils obtained by press (PO) and subsequent solvent extraction (SO) from three types of phytosterol-enriched seeds were characterized. One presented a phytosterol composition of common sunflower seeds, whereas the other two were rich in campesterol and Δ7-stigmasterol, respectively. Seeds from two different harvests, 2015 and 2017, were studied.
RESULTS
The type of extraction did not have a significant influence on the fatty acid composition. However, considerable differences were found between harvests. The oleic-to-linoleic ratio decreased from 0.71 in 2015 to 0.47 in 2017. The phytosterol compositions of the PO were similar to their SO homologues and no substantial differences were found between harvests. However, the SO presented higher total contents of phytosterols (4849-9249 mg kg ) than the PO (2839-5284 mg kg ) and the oils of 2017 showed higher levels (4476-9249 mg kg ) compared to 2015 (2839-5754 mg kg ). Unlike phytosterols, no significant differences were found in the tocopherol contents between the PO and SO or between harvests. The PO met Codex specifications for edible oils, except for trace metals, with concentrations close or above the limits for Cu, Fe, Pb and As.
CONCLUSIONS
Differences in environmental and/or cultivation conditions between harvests may result in substantial differences in the fatty acid composition and phytosterol content in oils from the new sunflower seeds. Rigorous measures and controls to avoid trace metal contamination are required so that the PO can be considered as edible virgin oils. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Chemical Fractionation; Fatty Acids; Food Handling; Helianthus; Phytosterols; Seeds; Sunflower Oil; Vitamin E
PubMed: 32613642
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10619 -
Journal of Lipid Research Jun 2011Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols) can lower intestinal cholesterol absorption, but the complex dynamics of the lipid digestion process in the presence of...
Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols) can lower intestinal cholesterol absorption, but the complex dynamics of the lipid digestion process in the presence of phytosterol esters (PEs) are not fully understood. We performed a clinical experiment in intubated healthy subjects to study the time course of changes in the distribution of all lipid moieties present in duodenal phases during 4 h of digestion of meals with 3.2 g PE (PE meal) or without (control meal) PE. In vitro experiments under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were also performed. The addition of PE did not alter triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis in the duodenum or subsequent chylomicron TG occurrence in the circulation. In contrast, cholesterol accumulation in the duodenum aqueous phase was markedly reduced in the presence of PE (-32%, P < 0.10). In vitro experiments confirmed that PE reduces cholesterol transfer into the aqueous phase. The addition of PE resulted in a markedly reduced presence of meal-derived hepta-deuterated cholesterol in the circulation, i.e., in chylomicrons (-43%, PE meal vs. control; P < 0.0001) and plasma (-54%, PE meal vs. control; P < 0.0001). The present data show that addition of PE to a meal does not alter TG hydrolysis but displaces cholesterol from the intestinal aqueous phase and lowers chylomicron cholesterol occurrence in humans.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Cholesterol; Chylomicrons; Cross-Over Studies; Deuterium; Digestion; Duodenum; Esters; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Isotope Labeling; Male; Middle Aged; Phytosterols; Triglycerides
PubMed: 21482714
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M013730 -
TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics.... Dec 2012Interest in phytosterol contents due to their potential benefits for human health has been largely documented in several crop species. Studies were focused mainly on...
Interest in phytosterol contents due to their potential benefits for human health has been largely documented in several crop species. Studies were focused mainly on total sterol content and their concentration or distribution in seed. This study aimed at providing new insight into the genetic control of total and individual sterol contents in sunflower seed through QTL analyses in a RIL population characterized over 2 years showing contrasted rainfall during seed filling. Results indicated that 13 regions on 9 linkage groups were involved in different phytosterol traits. Most of the QTL mapped were stable across years in spite of contrasted growing conditions. Some of them explained up to 30 % of phenotypic variation. Two QTL, located on LG10, near b1, and on LG14, were found to co-localize with QTL for oil content, indicating that likely, a part of the genetic variation for sterol content is only the result of genetic variation for oil content. However, three other QTL, stable over the 2 years, were found on LG1, LG4 and LG7 each associated with a particular class of sterols, suggesting that some enzymes known to be involved in the sterol metabolic pathway may determine the specificity of sterol profiles in sunflower seeds. These results suggest that it may be possible to introduce these traits as criteria in breeding programmes for quality in sunflower. The molecular markers linked to genetic factors controlling phytosterol contents could help selection during breeding programs.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Climate; Crosses, Genetic; France; Helianthus; Hybridization, Genetic; Inbreeding; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Quantitative Trait Loci; Seeds; Sunflower Oil
PubMed: 22824968
DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1937-0 -
International Journal of Food Sciences... May 2019Dietary interventions may effectively control cancer development, with phytosterols (PS) being a class of cancer chemopreventive dietary phytochemicals. The present...
Dietary interventions may effectively control cancer development, with phytosterols (PS) being a class of cancer chemopreventive dietary phytochemicals. The present study, for the first time, evaluates the antiproliferative effects of a PS-ingredient used for the enrichment of several foods and its main PS, β-sitosterol, at physiological serum levels, in the most prevalent cancer cells in women (breast (MCF-7), colon (HCT116) and cervical (HeLa)). In all three cell lines, these compounds induced significant cell viability reduction without a clear time- and dose-dependent response. Moreover, all treatments produced apoptotic cell death with the induction of DNA fragmentation through the appearance of a sub-G1 cell population. Thus, the use of PS as functional ingredients in the development of PS-enriched foods could exert a potential preventive effect against human breast, colon and cervical cancer, although further in vivo studies are required to confirm our preclinical findings.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; HCT116 Cells; HeLa Cells; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Phytosterols; Sitosterols
PubMed: 30192685
DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1511689 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2017Mycobacterium neoaurum is a saprophytic, soil-dwelling bacterium. The strain NRRL B-3805 converts phytosterols to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione; AD), a...
Mycobacterium neoaurum is a saprophytic, soil-dwelling bacterium. The strain NRRL B-3805 converts phytosterols to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione; AD), a precursor of multiple C19 steroids of importance to industry. NRRL B-3805 itself is able to convert AD to other steroid products, including testosterone (Ts) and androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (androstadienedione; ADD). However to improve this strain for industrial use, genetic modification is a priority. In this chapter, we describe a range of genetic techniques that can be used for M. neoaurum NRRL B-3805. Methods for transformation, expression, and gene knockouts are presented as well as plasmid maintenance and stability.
Topics: Biotransformation; Humans; Metabolic Engineering; Mycobacterium; Phytosterols; Testosterone
PubMed: 28710623
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7183-1_7