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Farmacia Hospitalaria : Organo Oficial... May 2018The presence of phytosterols in vegetal lipid emulsions has been associated with alterations of liver function tests. Determination of phytosterols content,...
OBJECTIVE
The presence of phytosterols in vegetal lipid emulsions has been associated with alterations of liver function tests. Determination of phytosterols content, currently undeclared, would allow the development of strategies to prevent or treat these alterations.
METHOD
3-4 non-consecutive batches of 6 lipid emulsions from different providers (Clinoleic, Intralipid, Lipofundina, Lipoplus, Omegaven and Smoflipid) were analyzed. Differences in total phytosterol assay between providers and batches were statistically studied by a one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric approximation and post hoc Scheffé test (p < 0.05)Results: The absence of phytosterols was confirmed in Omegaven, emulsion based on fish oil. The highest assay of phytosterols (422.4 ± 130.5 μg/mL) has been related with the highest percentage of soya bean oil in Intralipid. In the remaining emulsions, concentrations were from 120 to 210 μg/mL related to the percentage of soya bean oil. Statistically significant differences of phytosterol content in lipid emulsions were observed among different providers (F = 23.59; p = 0.000) as well as among non-consecutive batches. Clinolenic (F = 23.59; p = 0.000), Intralipid (F = 978.25; p = 0.000), Lipofundina TCL/TCM (F = 5.43; p = 0.045), Lipoplus (F = 123.53; p = 0.000) and Smoflipid (16.78; p = 0.000). Except for Lipofundina TCL/TCM, the differences between batches were marked.
CONCLUSIONS
Lipid emulsions, registered on Spanish pharmaceutical market, contain variable quantities of phytosterols dependent on commercial brand and batch.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Compounding; Emulsions; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fish Oils; Parenteral Nutrition; Phospholipids; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Prospective Studies; Soybean Oil; Triglycerides
PubMed: 29730982
DOI: 10.7399/fh.10954 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Nov 2013Foods with added phytosterols/phytostanols (PS) are recommended to lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) concentrations. Manufacturers have incorporated PS into a variety of... (Review)
Review
Foods with added phytosterols/phytostanols (PS) are recommended to lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) concentrations. Manufacturers have incorporated PS into a variety of common foods. Understanding the cholesterol-lowering impact of the food matrix and the PS characteristics would maximize their success and increase the benefit to consumers. This review systematically examines whether the PS characteristics and the fatty acid composition of foods with added PS affects serum LDL-c. A total of 33 studies published between the years 1998 and 2011 inclusive of 66 individual primary variables (strata) were evaluated. The functional food matrices included margarine, mayonnaise, yogurt, milk, cheese, meat, grain, juice, and chocolate. Consistently, ≥10% reductions in LDL-c were reported when the characteristics of the food matrix included poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids known to lower LDL-c. Also, >10% mean reductions in LDL-c were reported when β-sitostanol and campestanol as well as stanol esters were used. These characteristics allow both low-fat and high-fat foods to successfully incorporate PS and significantly lower LDL-c.
Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Functional Food; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Phytosterols; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Sitosterols
PubMed: 24228192
DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004507 -
Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 2004This editorial gives an overview of the current status of the research on the phytosterol oxidation products. The most relevant studies on their in vivo origin,...
This editorial gives an overview of the current status of the research on the phytosterol oxidation products. The most relevant studies on their in vivo origin, biological effects and analysis in foodstuffs and biological samples are critically reviewed, in order to give concluding remarks on and to establish the future research needs in this field.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytosterols
PubMed: 15762303
DOI: 10.1051/rnd:2004056 -
European Heart Journal Jan 2021
Topics: Cholesterol; Coronary Artery Disease; Humans; Phytosterols; Sterols
PubMed: 33184635
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa881 -
Analytica Chimica Acta Feb 2022Phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) formed by the auto-oxidation of phytosterols can lead to negative health consequences. New liquid chromatography-tandem mass...
Determination of phytosterol oxidation products in pharmaceutical liposomal formulations and plant vegetable oil extracts using novel fast liquid chromatography - Tandem mass spectrometric methods.
Phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) formed by the auto-oxidation of phytosterols can lead to negative health consequences. New liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantitative and qualitative approaches were developed. For quantification, sixteen phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) in liposomal formulations; namely 7-keto, 7-hydroxy, 5,6-epoxy, and 5,6-dihydroxy derivatives of brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were quantified. The method has a short run time of 5 min, achieved on a poroshell C18 column, using isocratic elution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the shortest run time among reported methods for the quantitative analysis of POPs. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was used, and the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile/methanol (99:1 v/v). The quantitative method was validated as per the FDA guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity, matrix effect, dilution integrity, and stability. The method was applied for the quantification of POPs in liposomal phytosterol formulations prepared with and without tocopherols, as antioxidants. The formulation process had little impact on the formation of POPs as only 7-ketobrassicasterol was quantified in tested samples. The quantified value of POPs in liposomal samples was insignificant to impart any toxicological effects. Other degradation products such as 7-hydroxy, 5,6-epoxy and 5,6-dihydroxy derivatives of brassicasterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol were below the lower limit of quantification. Phytosterol-containing formulations were then assessed for their oxidative stability after microwave exposure for 5 min. The incorporation of tocopherols significantly increased the stability of phytosterols in the liposomal formulations. Finally, LC-MS/MS qualitative identification of phytosterols obtained from extra virgin olive oil was performed. New POPs, namely 7-ketoavenasterol, and 7-ketomethylenecycloartenol were putatively identified, illustrating the applicability of the method to identify POPs with varying structures present in various phytosterol sources. In fact, it is the first time that 7-ketomethylenecycloartenol is reported as a POP.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Liposomes; Phytosterols; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 35063161
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339404 -
Food Chemistry Oct 2018Phytosterols can lower LDL-cholesterol and are frequently used by the functional food industry. However, little is known regarding how phytosterol crystallisation can be...
Phytosterols can lower LDL-cholesterol and are frequently used by the functional food industry. However, little is known regarding how phytosterol crystallisation can be controlled, despite solubilised phytosterols having improved bioaccessibility. This study investigates phytosterol crystallisation in bulk milk fat and in model dairy emulsion systems at two average droplet sizes, 1.0 and 0.2 µm. The effect of lecithin and monoacylglycerol addition on phytosterol crystallisation for both emulsion and bulk systems was also evaluated. Results demonstrated that lecithin and monoacylglycerols enrichment into the bulk system minimised phytosterol crystallisation. However, in emulsions, phytosterol crystallisation was mainly influenced by decreasing the droplet size. Smaller emulsion droplets containing lecithin showed the greatest potential for decreasing phytosterol crystallisation and had improved physicochemical stability. This information can be employed by the functional food industry to minimise phytosterol crystallisation and possibly improve bioaccessibility.
Topics: Animals; Crystallization; Emulsions; Lecithins; Microscopy, Polarization; Milk; Molecular Weight; Phytosterols; Surface-Active Agents; Triglycerides
PubMed: 29853371
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.026 -
Journal of AOAC International 2015Most clinical phytosterol studies are performed by adding purified supplements to smaller phytosterol amounts present in the natural diet. However, natural dietary... (Review)
Review
Most clinical phytosterol studies are performed by adding purified supplements to smaller phytosterol amounts present in the natural diet. However, natural dietary phytosterols themselves may also have important effects on cholesterol metabolism. Epidemiological work using food frequency questionnaires to estimate dietary intake suggest that extremes of normal consumption may be associated with 3-14% changes in LDL cholesterol. Standardized food databases do not have enough phytosterol values to allow calculation of phytosterol intake for individuals outside of specialized studies. Natural diets contain phytosterol amounts ranging from less than 60 mg/2000 kcal to over 500 mg/2000 kcal. Physiological studies in which whole body cholesterol metabolism is investigated show large effects of natural dietary phytosterols on cholesterol absorption efficiency, cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol excretion which exceed the magnitude of changes in LDL cholesterol. The dual effects of natural phytosterols on both LDL-C and whole body cholesterol metabolism need to be considered in relating them to potential protection from coronary heart disease risk.
Topics: Animals; Anticholesteremic Agents; Diet; Food Analysis; Humans; Phytosterols
PubMed: 26086252
DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.SGERacette -
ACS Synthetic Biology Nov 2020As essential structural molecules for plant plasma membranes, phytosterols are key intermediates for the synthesis of many downstream specialized metabolites of...
As essential structural molecules for plant plasma membranes, phytosterols are key intermediates for the synthesis of many downstream specialized metabolites of pharmaceutical or agricultural significance, such as brassinosteroids and withanolides. has been widely used as an alternative producer for plant secondary metabolites. Establishment of heterologous sterol pathways in yeast, however, has been challenging due to either low efficiency or structural diversity, likely a result of crosstalk between the heterologous phytosterol and the endogenous ergosterol biosynthesis. For example, in this study, we engineered campesterol production in yeast using plant enzymes; although we were able to enhance the titer of campesterol to ∼40 mg/L by upregulating the mevalonate pathway, no conversion to downstream products was detected upon the introduction of downstream plant enzymes. Further investigations uncovered two interesting observations about sterol engineering in yeast. First, many heterologous sterols tend to be efficiently and intensively esterified in yeast, which drastically impedes the function of downstream enzymes. Second, yeast can overcome the growth deficiency caused by altered sterol metabolism through repeated culture. By employing metabolic engineering, strain evolution, fermentation engineering, and pathway reconstitution, we were able to reconstruct the multienzyme pathways for the synthesis of a set of phytosterols: campesterol (∼7 mg/L), β-sitosterol (∼2 mg/L), 22-hydroxycampesterol (∼1 mg/L), and 22-hydroxycampest-4-en-3-one (∼4 mg/L). This work identified and addressed some of the technical bottlenecks in phytosterol-derived pathway reconstitution in the baker's yeast and opens up opportunities for efficient bioproduction and metabolic pathway elucidation of this group of phytochemicals.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Fermentation; Metabolic Engineering; Phytosterols; Plants; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 33085451
DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00417 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Dec 2019The composition of phytosterol (PS) formulations used to enrich food and supplements are typically different due to varying natural sources. Sitosterol and it's... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The composition of phytosterol (PS) formulations used to enrich food and supplements are typically different due to varying natural sources. Sitosterol and it's hydrogenated form: sitostanol are the major PSs in most of these formulations. This review aimed to investigate whether the proportion of sitosterol plus sitostanol in a PS formulation is a determinant of the hypocholesterolaemic effect of PS products. If the amount of sitosterol plus sitostanol in a PS composition is ≥80%, the product is considered to be high in sitosterol plus sitostanol, otherwise the product is considered to be low in sitosterol plus sitostanol. We conducted a meta-analysis on the cholesterol-lowering potential of PS products that were high or low in sitosterol plus sitostanol. Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched, and published RCTs investigating the efficacy of dietary PSs intervention (≥1.5 g/d) on blood lipid profile improvement were selected. After strict screening and quality assessment, a total of 51 RCTs were included. As expected, PSs with all compositions significantly reduced LDL-C (p < 0.00001), while the LDL-C lowering effect associated with the high sitosterol plus sitostanol group was significantly greater than that of the low sitosterol plus sitostanol group (p = 0.002). PSs also significantly reduced TG (p = 0.009) without affecting HDL-C. Thus, the composition might affect the hypocholesterolaemic effect of PS products. PS products with higher sitosterol plus sitostanol proportions might have superior cholesterol-lowering potential than those with lower sitosterol plus sitostanol proportions.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticholesteremic Agents; Cholesterol; Humans; Middle Aged; Phytosterols; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sitosterols
PubMed: 31562385
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0504-z -
Food Chemistry Sep 2022In this study, free phytosterols and phytosterol glycosides in rice bran were successfully separated and analyzed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas...
In this study, free phytosterols and phytosterol glycosides in rice bran were successfully separated and analyzed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that free phytosterols in rice bran included ergosterol (129 ± 8 μg/g rice bran), campesterol (126 ± 9 μg/g rice bran), stigmasterol (106 ± 9 μg/g rice bran), β-sitosterol (305 ± 10 μg/g rice bran), cycloartenol (80.5 ± 3.9 μg/g rice bran) and 24-methylenecycloartenol (87.1 ± 2.2 μg/g rice bran), while phytosterol glycosides included campesterol glucoside (16.0 ± 1.3 μg/g rice bran), stigmasterol glucoside (99.0 ± 4.9 μg/g rice bran) and β-sitosterol glucoside (133 ± 7 μg/g rice bran). The methodological validation indicated that this method could accurately quantify free phytosterols and phytosterol glycosides in rice bran. This study provided a new direction to establish a rapid and simple method for the simultaneous determination of different forms of phytosterols in foods.
Topics: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Glycosides; Oryza; Phytosterols; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 35398677
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132742