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Neuroscience Bulletin Feb 2009Perivascular space (PVS) is a crevice between two slices of cerebral pia maters, filled with tissue fluid, which be formed by pia mater emboling in the surrounding of... (Review)
Review
Perivascular space (PVS) is a crevice between two slices of cerebral pia maters, filled with tissue fluid, which be formed by pia mater emboling in the surrounding of cerebral perforating branch (excluding micrangium). Normal PVS (diameter < 2 mm) can be found in almost all healthy adults; however enlarged PVS (diameter > 2 mm) has correlation with neurological disorders probably. The article reviews the formation mechanism, imageology characteristics and the relation with neurological disorders of PVS, which is beneficial to the research of some neurological disorders etiopathogenesis and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Pia Mater
PubMed: 19190687
DOI: 10.1007/s12264-009-1103-0 -
Medical Hypotheses Jan 2014
Topics: Dura Mater; Electromagnetic Fields; Ferrosoferric Oxide; Humans; Particle Size; Pia Mater
PubMed: 24296235
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.010 -
Anatomy and Embryology 1982
Topics: Animals; Brain Stem; Cats; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Pia Mater; Rabbits; Spinal Cord; Subarachnoid Space
PubMed: 7125238
DOI: 10.1007/BF00318509 -
Neurosurgery Jan 1991
Topics: Arachnoid Cysts; Humans; Pia Mater
PubMed: 1994277
DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199101000-00029 -
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and... May 1990Previous studies using intravascular tracers have shown that the apparent vascular volume in the cerebellum is 10-60% higher than that in the cerebrum. We questioned...
Previous studies using intravascular tracers have shown that the apparent vascular volume in the cerebellum is 10-60% higher than that in the cerebrum. We questioned whether the extravascular volume in the cerebellum could be accounted for by the vasculature of the pia mater that covers its highly infolded surface. Estimates of vascular volume were made using a previously reported point-counting method. Two counts were done: one in which only intraparenchymal vessels were included, and a second one in which both intraparenchymal vessels and pial vessels were included. We found no differences in intraparenchymal vascular volume between cerebellum and cerebrum. When the pial vessels are included, however, the cerebral vascular volume increases by less than 6%, whereas the cerebellar vascular volume increases by greater than 30%. We suggest that the higher cerebellar vascular volume measured using intravascular tracers is due to inclusion of the pial vasculature. Since pial vessels do not express blood-brain barrier characteristics as prominently as intraparenchymal vessels, we further suggest that estimates of barrier permeability in cerebellum should not be made using simple models developed for cerebral tissue.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cerebellum; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Pia Mater
PubMed: 2329130
DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1990.75 -
Acta Biomaterialia Jul 2018Compared to the outer dura mater, the mechanical behavior of spinal pia and arachnoid meningeal layers has received very little attention in the literature. This is...
UNLABELLED
Compared to the outer dura mater, the mechanical behavior of spinal pia and arachnoid meningeal layers has received very little attention in the literature. This is despite experimental evidence of their importance with respect to the overall spinal cord stiffness and recovery following compression. Accordingly, inclusion of the mechanical contribution of the pia and arachnoid maters would improve the predictive accuracy of finite element models of the spine, especially in the distribution of stresses and strain through the cord's cross-section. However, to-date, only linearly elastic moduli for what has been previously identified as spinal pia mater is available in the literature. This study is the first to quantitatively compare the viscoelastic behavior of isolated spinal pia-arachnoid-complex, neural tissue of the spinal cord parenchyma, and intact construct of the two. The results show that while it only makes up 5.5% of the overall cross-sectional area, the thin membranes of the innermost meninges significantly affect both the elastic and viscous response of the intact construct. Without the contribution of the pia and arachnoid maters, the spinal cord has very little inherent stiffness and experiences significant relaxation when strained. The ability of the fitted non-linear viscoelastic material models of each condition to predict independent data within experimental variability supports their implementation into future finite element computational studies of the spine.
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
The neural tissue of the spinal cord is surrounded by three fibrous layers called meninges which are important in the behavior of the overall spinal-cord-meningeal construct. While the mechanical properties of the outermost layer have been reported, the pia mater and arachnoid mater have received considerably less attention. This study is the first to directly compare the behavior of the isolated neural tissue of the cord, the isolated pia-arachnoid complex, and the construct of these individual components. The results show that, despite being very thin, the inner meninges significantly affect the elastic and time-dependent response of the spinal cord, which may have important implications for studies of spinal cord injury.
Topics: Animals; Arachnoid; Compressive Strength; Elastic Modulus; Finite Element Analysis; Pia Mater; Sheep; Spinal Cord; Stress, Mechanical; Viscosity
PubMed: 29852238
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.045 -
Connective Tissue Research Apr 2014Abstract It is very well known that spinal meninges are composed of three layers, dura, arachnoid and pia mater, and that the main components of pia mater are collagen...
Abstract It is very well known that spinal meninges are composed of three layers, dura, arachnoid and pia mater, and that the main components of pia mater are collagen and reticular fibers. However, the distribution of those fibers has not been extensively investigated but just described as a mesh of fibers. In this study, we detected novel structures, which are composed of unidirectionally arranged fibers, in a rat spinal pia mater by using a polarized light microscope. They were seen as three parallel lines, one of which ran along a posterior spinal vein and the rest two of which ran along a pair of posterior spinal arteries. Histological analysis including Masson's trichrome, picrosirius-red staining, Gordon & Sweet's staining and immunohistochemistry with anti-collagen type 1 and 3 antibodies uncovered that they are mainly composed of collagen fibers and some reticular fibers. In addition, a putative primo vessel was detected in the novel fibrous tissue, which was proven out to be different from a blood vessel. In conclusion, we report a newly detected fibrous structure in the spinal pia mater, which may contribute to provide tensile force to the spinal meninges and to harbor the primo vascular system inside.
Topics: Animals; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type III; Elastic Tissue; Male; Microscopy, Polarization; Pia Mater; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 24409813
DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2013.879864 -
Journal of Neurosurgery May 2004
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cerebral Revascularization; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Moyamoya Disease; Pia Mater; Temporal Arteries; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 15287471
DOI: 10.3171/ped.2004.100.5.0541 -
Child's Nervous System : ChNS :... Apr 2012The purpose of this paper is to study the ionic permeability of the leptomeninges related to the effect of ouabain (sodium-potassium-ATPase inhibitor) and amiloride... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper is to study the ionic permeability of the leptomeninges related to the effect of ouabain (sodium-potassium-ATPase inhibitor) and amiloride (epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibitor) on the tissue, as well as identify the presence of ion channels.
METHODS
Cranial leptomeningeal samples from 26 adult sheep were isolated. Electrophysiological measurements were performed with Ussing system and transmembrane resistance values (R(TM) in Ω*cm(2)) obtained over time. Experiments were conducted with the application of ouabain 10(-3) M or amiloride 10(-5) M at the arachnoidal and pial sides. Immunohistochemical studies of leptomeningeal tissue were prepared with alpha-1 sodium-potassium-ATPase (ATP1A1), beta-ENaC, and delta-ENaC subunit antibodies.
RESULTS
The application of ouabain at the arachnoidal side raised the transmembrane resistance statistically significantly and thus decreased its ionic permeability. The addition of ouabain at the pial side led also to a significant but less profound increment in transmembrane resistance. The addition of amiloride at the arachnoidal or pial side did not produce any statistical significant change in the R(TM) from controls (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of the ATP1A1 and beta- and delta-ENaC subunits at the leptomeninges.
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, leptomeningeal tissue possesses sodium-potassium-ATPase and ENaC ion channels. The application of ouabain alters the ionic permeability of the leptomeninges thus reflecting the role of sodium-potassium-ATPase. Amiloride application did not alter the ionic permeability of leptomeninges possibly due to localization of ENaC channels towards the subarachnoid space, away from the experimental application sites. The above properties of the tissue could potentially be related to cerebrospinal fluid turnover at this interface.
Topics: Amiloride; Animals; Arachnoid; Cell Membrane Permeability; Epithelial Sodium Channels; Female; Male; Ouabain; Pia Mater; Sheep; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
PubMed: 22252717
DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1688-x -
Experimental Brain Research 1971
Topics: Aminobutyrates; Animals; Biological Transport; Blood-Brain Barrier; Carbon Isotopes; Cats; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Electroencephalography; Female; Infusions, Parenteral; Leucine; Male; Pia Mater; Subarachnoid Space; Urea
PubMed: 5098308
DOI: 10.1007/BF00234951