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Journal of the American Chemical Society Jun 1946
Topics: Picolines; Pyridines; Sulfur Dioxide
PubMed: 20985607
DOI: 10.1021/ja01210a028 -
Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Dec 2013Encapsulation complexes permit the observation of molecules under conditions of limited motion. Inside capsules, molecular encounters are prolonged, prearranged, and...
Encapsulation complexes permit the observation of molecules under conditions of limited motion. Inside capsules, molecular encounters are prolonged, prearranged, and protected from the medium, in contrast to the short-lived and random encounters that occur in bulk solution. Herein, the interaction of α-, β-, and γ-picolines in a cylindrical capsule is described. Two picolines were taken up, and NMR spectra indicated dynamic combinations of various social isomers. The stabilities of the complexes are interpreted through computational methods. The shape of the space in the capsule allowed the alignment of molecules and revealed delicate, atom-to-atom interactions and attractive forces that elude observation in dilute solution. These weak forces were amplified in the isolated small space of the capsule.
Topics: Isomerism; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Picolines; Solutions
PubMed: 24222448
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303117 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Jul 2016This feature article describes the development of synthetic zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) receptors as selective targeting agents for anionic membranes in cell culture... (Review)
Review
This feature article describes the development of synthetic zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) receptors as selective targeting agents for anionic membranes in cell culture and living subjects. There is a strong connection between anionic cell surface charge and disease, and ZnDPA probes have been employed extensively for molecular imaging and targeted therapeutics. Fluorescence and nuclear imaging applications include detection of diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, arthritis, and microbial infection, and also quantification of cell death caused by therapy. Therapeutic applications include selective targeting of cytotoxic agents and drug delivery systems, photodynamic inactivation, and modulation of the immune system. The article concludes with a summary of expected future directions.
Topics: Anions; Arthritis; Bacterial Infections; Cell Death; Cell Membrane; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Molecular Probes; Neoplasms; Organometallic Compounds; Picolines
PubMed: 27302091
DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03669d -
Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni... 2018The review article presents a modern concept of the mechanism of antioxidant and antihypoxic action of the original drug mexidol (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine... (Review)
Review
The review article presents a modern concept of the mechanism of antioxidant and antihypoxic action of the original drug mexidol (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate). The direct antioxidant activity of mexidol has been described, which consists in the ability of the drug to inactivate free radicals and increase the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in vitro. The results of the indirect antioxidant activity of mexidol, manifested in the increased expression under the ischemia of the transcription factor Nrf2, responsible for the cell resistance to oxidative stress are presented. The antihypoxic action of mexidol due to the presence of succinic acid in its molecule, which on the one hand supports the work of the Krebs cycle succinate oxidase under oxygen deficiency conditions, and on the other hand, binds to its specific receptors (GPR91), and starts a cascade of biochemical reactions that increases the body's resistance to lack of oxygen is discussed. The results of preclinical and clinical studies confirming the antioxidant and antihypoxic effects of mexidol are summarized.
Topics: Antioxidants; Picolines; Succinic Acid
PubMed: 30830123
DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811812287 -
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry : MRC Mar 2009(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of gold(III), palladium(II) and platinum(II) chloride complexes with picolines, [Au(PIC)Cl(3)], trans-[Pd(PIC)(2)Cl(2)],...
(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of gold(III), palladium(II) and platinum(II) chloride complexes with picolines, [Au(PIC)Cl(3)], trans-[Pd(PIC)(2)Cl(2)], trans/cis-[Pt(PIC)(2)Cl(2)] and [Pt(PIC)(4)]Cl(2), were performed. After complexation, the (1)H and (13)C signals were shifted to higher frequency, whereas the (15)N ones to lower (by ca 80-110 ppm), with respect to the free ligands. The (15)N shielding phenomenon was enhanced in the series [Au(PIC)Cl(3)] < trans-[Pd(PIC)(2)Cl(2)] < cis-[Pt(PIC)(2)Cl(2)] < trans-[Pt(PIC)(2)Cl(2)]; it increased following the Pd(II) --> Pt(II) replacement, but decreased upon the trans --> cis-transition. Experimental (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR chemical shifts were compared to those quantum-chemically calculated by B3LYP/LanL2DZ + 6-31G**//B3LYP/LanL2DZ + 6-31G*.
Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Gold Compounds; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Nitrogen Isotopes; Palladium; Picolines; Platinum Compounds; Protons; Quantum Theory; Spectrophotometry, Infrared
PubMed: 19097135
DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2378 -
Zeitschrift Fur Allgemeinmedizin Dec 1974
Clinical Trial
Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Animals; Brain; Cats; Central Nervous System; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence; Memory; Methanol; Picolines; Rats; Sulfides
PubMed: 4613025
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Organic Chemistry Sep 2007The reaction of 2-picoline at the methyl group with NDA and KDA followed by dimethyldisulfide trapping furnished, respectively, dithioacetals and trithioortho esters...
The reaction of 2-picoline at the methyl group with NDA and KDA followed by dimethyldisulfide trapping furnished, respectively, dithioacetals and trithioortho esters with high selectivity. The method was successfully applied to other methyl-substituted pyridines, quinolines, and pyrazines. Dithioketals were prepared by a one-pot procedure involving the reaction of metalated 2-picoline with 2 equiv of dimethyldisulfide followed by in situ trapping with a second electrophile. All of the generated thio-substituted compounds were efficiently transformed in presence of mercury salts or under oxidizing conditions to other functional groups comprising aldehydes, ketones, ketals, thiol esters, orthoesters, and esters.
Topics: Acetals; Esters; Mercury; Methylation; Picolines; Pyrazines; Pyridines; Quinolines
PubMed: 17696549
DOI: 10.1021/jo071209z -
Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni... 2018Antihypoxic, antioxidant and nootropic effects of mexidol contribute to the improvement of patients with cerebrovascular pathology. The results of clinical studies show...
Antihypoxic, antioxidant and nootropic effects of mexidol contribute to the improvement of patients with cerebrovascular pathology. The results of clinical studies show that the sequential scheme of using mexidol (first i.v. or i.m., then per os) is effective in the complex therapy of ischemic diseases of the brain, vascular surgery, therapy and rehabilitation of patients with degenerative-dystrophic changes of the spine, treatment of neurodegenerative pathology (including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and diabetic polyneuropathy), infectious neuropathies (ARVI, herpes, tick-borne encephalitis), neuropsychological and autonomic disorders.
Topics: Antioxidants; Brain; Humans; Nootropic Agents; Picolines
PubMed: 30499505
DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811810197 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section C,... Jul 2018New salt forms of the antioxidant drug emoxypine (EMX, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyridin-3-ol) with pharmaceutically acceptable maleic (Mlt), malonic (Mln) and adipic (Adp) acids...
New salt forms of the antioxidant drug emoxypine (EMX, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyridin-3-ol) with pharmaceutically acceptable maleic (Mlt), malonic (Mln) and adipic (Adp) acids were obtained {emoxypinium maleate, CHNO·CHO, [EMX+Mlt], emoxypinium malonate, CHNO·CHO, [EMX+Mln], and emoxypinium adipate, CHNO·CHO, [EMX+Adp]} and their crystal structures determined. The molecular packing in the three EMX salts was studied by means of solid-state density functional theory (DFT), followed by QTAIMC (quantum theory of atoms in molecules and crystals) analysis. It was found that the major contribution to the packing energy comes from pyridine-carboxylate and hydroxy-carboxylate heterosynthons forming infinite one-dimensional ribbons, with [EMX+Adp] additionally stabilized by hydrogen-bonded C(9) chains of Adp ions. The melting processes of the [EMX+Mlt] (1:1), [EMX+Mln] (1:1) and [EMX+Adp] (1:1) salts were studied and the fusion enthalpy was found to increase with the increase of the calculated lattice energy. The dissolution process of the EMX salts in buffer (pH 7.4) was also studied. It was found that the formation of binary crystals of EMX with dicarboxylic acids increases the EMX solubility by more than 30 times compared to its pure form.
Topics: Adipates; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dicarboxylic Acids; Hydrogen Bonding; Ions; Maleates; Picolines; Pyridines; Solubility
PubMed: 29973419
DOI: 10.1107/S2053229618007386 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2015A series of simple 2-methylpyridines were synthesized in an expedited and convenient manner using a simplified bench-top continuous flow setup. The reactions proceeded...
A series of simple 2-methylpyridines were synthesized in an expedited and convenient manner using a simplified bench-top continuous flow setup. The reactions proceeded with a high degree of selectivity, producing α-methylated pyridines in a much greener fashion than is possible using conventional batch reaction protocols. Eight 2-methylated pyridines were produced by progressing starting material through a column packed with Raney(®) nickel using a low boiling point alcohol (1-propanol) at high temperature. Simple collection and removal of the solvent gave products in very good yields that were suitable for further use without additional work-up or purification. Overall, this continuous flow method represents a synthetically useful protocol that is superior to batch processes in terms of shorter reaction times, increased safety, avoidance of work-up procedures, and reduced waste. A brief discussion of the possible mechanism(s) of the reaction is also presented which involves heterogeneous catalysis and/or a Ladenberg rearrangement, with the proposed methyl source as C1 of the primary alcohol.
Topics: Catalysis; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Methylation; Molecular Structure; Picolines; Pyridines
PubMed: 26334262
DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915797