-
American Family Physician Dec 2017Pigmentation disorders are commonly diagnosed, evaluated, and treated in primary care practices. Typical hyperpigmentation disorders include postinflammatory... (Review)
Review
Pigmentation disorders are commonly diagnosed, evaluated, and treated in primary care practices. Typical hyperpigmentation disorders include postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, solar lentigines, ephelides (freckles), and café au lait macules. These conditions are generally benign but can be distressing to patients. Appropriate dermatologic history, skin examination, and skin biopsy, when appropriate, can help exclude melanoma and its precursors. In addition to addressing the underlying condition, hyperpigmentation is treated with topical agents, chemical peels, cryotherapy, light or laser therapy, or a combination of these methods. Café au lait macules are treated with surgical excision or laser therapy if treatment is desired. Hypopigmentation disorders include vitiligo, pityriasis alba, tinea versicolor, and postinflammatory hypopigmentation. Treatment of vitiligo depends on the distribution and extent of skin involvement, and includes topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, ultraviolet A therapy (with or without psoralens), narrowband ultraviolet B therapy, and cosmetic coverage. Patients with stable, self-limited vitiligo may be candidates for surgical grafting techniques, whereas those with extensive disease may be candidates for depigmentation therapy to make skin tone appear more even. Other hypopigmentation disorders may improve or resolve with treatment of the underlying condition.
Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Cafe-au-Lait Spots; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Laser Therapy; Nevus; Pigmentation Disorders; Tinea Versicolor; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29431372
DOI: No ID Found -
The British Journal of Dermatology Jan 2011
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic; Humans; Pigmentation Disorders; Skin
PubMed: 20874792
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10074.x -
The British Journal of Dermatology Jun 2010There is little published information about segmental hypo- and hyperpigmentation pigmentation disorder (SegPD) although it is a relatively common problem in paediatric...
BACKGROUND
There is little published information about segmental hypo- and hyperpigmentation pigmentation disorder (SegPD) although it is a relatively common problem in paediatric dermatology.
OBJECTIVES
To define the spectrum of disease, clinical presentation and associations in cases of SegPD and to clarify further the terminology in defining patterned hypo- and hyperpigmentation in children.
METHODS
This was a retrospective review of cases in an academic paediatric dermatology practice. Thirty-nine patients referred for dermatological evaluation were diagnosed with SegPD. Demographic and clinical features, and distribution and frequency of extracutaneous abnormalities were measured.
RESULTS
Twenty female and 19 male patients were included in the study; 33 out of the 39 were referred specifically for a pigmentation abnormality. The mean age at onset was 3·4 months (median age 0·25 months). Family history was positive in two patients. Most (30/39; 77%) had segmental hyperpigmentation whereas nine of 39 (23%) had hypopigmentation. Patches were more often delineated at the ventral midline (32/39) than on the dorsal midline (7/39). The distribution of lesions was as follows: areas of the torso were most often affected (77%) and when the face, neck, arms and legs were affected pigmentation usually extended onto the torso; six patients had SegPD localized to the face. Only three of the 39 patients had extracutaneous abnormalities - atrial septal defect, strabismus with retinal hypopigmentation and a bronchogenic cyst - but the relationship to SegPD was uncertain and none had neurological abnormalities.
CONCLUSIONS
SegPD is a relatively common pigmentary anomaly and most affected individuals are otherwise healthy. We propose reviving the term 'segmental pigmentation disorder' coined by Metzker and colleagues to describe children with segmental and block-like hypo-/hyperpigmentation with midline demarcation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Hypopigmentation; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Terminology as Topic; Young Adult
PubMed: 20163411
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09702.x -
Acta Dermato-venereologica May 2022Segmental pigmentation disorder (SPD) is characterized by hypo- or hyper-pigmented patches segmentally distributed, present in infancy, more prominently in...
Segmental pigmentation disorder (SPD) is characterized by hypo- or hyper-pigmented patches segmentally distributed, present in infancy, more prominently in darker-skinned children. The aim of this study was to define the demographic and clinical characteristics of SPD in a large series of patients. This was a retrospective case-control study at 2 paediatric dermatology centres in Israel. Data were collected through a telephone questionnaire and medical records. The study group consisted of 144 individuals with SPD and 144 individuals visiting the same institutions matched for age and sex. Median age of onset of SPD was near birth; 51% of patients were Sephardic Jews, and patients were followed up for a median period of 27 years. The patches were located on the torso (43%), mostly hypopigmented (52%), and remained of the same intensity and size in 55% and 41% of cases, accordingly. No differences in extracutaneous morbidities were found between SPD and control patients. This study delineates the demographic and clinical characteristics of SPD, confirms that cutaneous findings in SPD are more prominent in darker skin, tends not to expand in size or accentuate throughout the years, nor to be associated with extracutaneous morbidities.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Child; Humans; Israel; Pigmentation Disorders; Retrospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35312024
DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v102.399 -
Acta Dermato-venereologica 1983Pigmentary changes with a dermatomal distribution are described in 30 children. The disorder, up to now unrecognized as an entity, is apparently caused by an...
Pigmentary changes with a dermatomal distribution are described in 30 children. The disorder, up to now unrecognized as an entity, is apparently caused by an embryological determination. It is more obvious in children with darker skin, and seems to fade very slowly over the years. In our experience the incidence is 0.35%. No relation to other anomalies could be established.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Israel; Jews; Male; Pigmentation Disorders; Skin
PubMed: 6189338
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Mar 2010Skin color is highly individual and the variations are controlled by numerous genes. The different skin colors result from the size and number of melanosomes and do not... (Review)
Review
Skin color is highly individual and the variations are controlled by numerous genes. The different skin colors result from the size and number of melanosomes and do not mirror the amount of melanocytes. Disorders of pigmentation can result from migration abnormalities of melanocytes from the neural crest to the skin during embryogenesis. In addition, impairment of melanosome transfer to the surrounding keratinocytes, an alteration in melanin synthesis and a defective degradation or removal of melanin may lead to abnormal skin pigmentation. Immunologic or toxic mediated destructions of melanocytes can end in pigmentation disorders. Disorders of pigmentation are classified in hypo- or hyperpigmentation which can occur as a genetic or acquired disease. They can manifest locally or diffuse. Congenital hypopigmentation can be restricted to the skin as in piebaldism or they represent a systemic disease as in Menkes disease or phenylketonuria. Localized hypo- or hyperpigmentation in children may serve as markers for systemic diseases. Ash-leaf hypopigmentation are characteristic for tuberous sclerosis and more than 5 café-au-lait spots suggest neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen disease). The most common autoimmune-induced depigmentation is vitiligo. Generalized hyperpigmentation only rarely reflects a primary genetic disorder but is most often from acquired diseases as in Addison disease, secondary hemochromatosis or primary biliary cirrhosis. Treatment of pigmentation disorders are based on a diagnosis which sometimes allow a specific intervention. Cosmetically acceptable results are difficult to obtain.
Topics: Humans; Pigmentation Disorders
PubMed: 19788584
DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2009.07137.x -
Drugs & Aging Mar 2019Aging skin is subject to morphological change due to both intrinsic (skin tone, genetics, endogenous hormones) and extrinsic (chronic sun exposure, medications,... (Review)
Review
Aging skin is subject to morphological change due to both intrinsic (skin tone, genetics, endogenous hormones) and extrinsic (chronic sun exposure, medications, exogenous pigments) factors. The broad spectrum of transformation includes both hypo- and hyperpigmentation. Although cutaneous pigmentary disorders are common in younger individuals, certain disorders are more prevalent in the geriatric population. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical appearance, treatment, and prognosis of pigmentary lesions that are predominant in the elderly.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Hypopigmentation; Male; Middle Aged; Pigmentation Disorders
PubMed: 30637685
DOI: 10.1007/s40266-018-00633-w -
Clinics in Dermatology 2005More than 127 loci are actually known to affect pigmentation in mouse when they are mutated. From embryogenesis to transfer of melanin to the keratinocytes or... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
More than 127 loci are actually known to affect pigmentation in mouse when they are mutated. From embryogenesis to transfer of melanin to the keratinocytes or melanocytes survival, any defect is able to alter the pigmentation process. Many gene mutations are now described, but the function of their product protein and their implication in melanogenesis are only partially understood. Each genetic pigmentation disorder brings new clues in the understanding of the pigmentation process. According to the main genodermatoses known to induce hypo- or hyperpigmentation, we emphasize in this review the last advances in the understanding of the physiopathology of these diseases and try to connect, when possible, the mutation to the clinical phenotype.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Hypopigmentation; Incidence; Infant; Mice; Pigmentation; Pigmentation Disorders; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution
PubMed: 15708290
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.09.013 -
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Dec 2020Pigmentation disorders are among the most common cutaneous changes and occur in up to 60% of all people. They can be genetic or acquired, functionally or cosmetically... (Review)
Review
Pigmentation disorders are among the most common cutaneous changes and occur in up to 60% of all people. They can be genetic or acquired, functionally or cosmetically disturbing, or the expression of a medical disorder. The best treatment options for hyperpigmentation are usually lasers and intense pulsed light (IPL). However, they can also worsen some conditions and are occasionally associated with side effects. A correct diagnosis is therefore essential, taking into account the skin type, the type of pigmentation and how deep the pigmentation is located in the skin. The most common indications for which laser treatment is recommended include genetically predisposed nevi (Becker, Ota, Hora, Ito, acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules [ABNOM]), pigmentation (e.g., lentigines, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, ephelides, café au lait, nevus spilus, linear and whorled hypermelanosis [LWNH]), nevus cell nevi, exogenous pigments, tattoos and cosmetic pigments.
Topics: Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Laser Therapy; Lentigo; Melanosis; Nevus, Pigmented; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 33159249
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-020-04716-x -
Pediatric Dermatology Jan 2020
Topics: Child; Humans; Mosaicism; Pigmentation Disorders
PubMed: 31997452
DOI: 10.1111/pde.14106