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Indian Journal of Pathology &... 2020
Topics: Adult; Blood Donors; Color; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Plasma
PubMed: 32031148
DOI: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_287_19 -
The New Zealand Medical Journal Oct 1982The 1978 Manawatu Family Growth Study included questions on the oral contraceptive pill to gauge aspects of its use, user satisfaction and the experience of side effects...
The 1978 Manawatu Family Growth Study included questions on the oral contraceptive pill to gauge aspects of its use, user satisfaction and the experience of side effects and fears. Of the 1390 women aged 16-44 interviewed, 1085 (78 percent) had ever used the pill--411 and 674 were current and previous users, respectively. Among the current users 45.2 percent stated they sometimes forgot to take the pill and 50 percent reported they were not entirely happy about using the pill. For dissatisfied current users and all previous users it was found that: (a) various side effects were experienced by substantial percentages in each group, the most common being weight gain or swelling; and (b) a fear of permanent damage to health was acknowledged by more than half of each group. Concern caused by publicity on side effects was reported by 46.9 percent of those who had ever used the pill. These and other results, and their implications, indicate a need for instruction, guidance and counselling for oral contraceptive users.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Consumer Behavior; Contraception; Contraceptives, Oral; Family Planning Services; Fear; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male
PubMed: 6959020
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... May 1985
Topics: Adult; Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Female; Humans; Ovulation; Pregnancy; Time Factors
PubMed: 3922540
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.290.6480.1474-a -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Jun 1985
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Female; Humans; Ovulation
PubMed: 3924307
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.290.6485.1905-a -
Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Feb 1992A survey has shown that many women favour eliminating menstruation and it has been suggested that therapeutic induction of amenorrhoea might be an advantage in female... (Review)
Review
A survey has shown that many women favour eliminating menstruation and it has been suggested that therapeutic induction of amenorrhoea might be an advantage in female personnel mobilised for war. The traditional method has been to take the oral contraceptive pill continuously. This produces weight gain and other side-effects; spotting and breakthrough bleeding can be a problem initially. The method is however cheap. The Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) analogue, goserelin, is extremely effective, produces less side-effects, but it is very expensive. Two synthetic steroids, danazol and gestrinone, are moderately effective, have a variety of prominent side-effects and are also quite expensive. With all these drugs normal menstruation resumes in the cycle after they are discontinued. Although goserelin has many advantages over the continuously taken contraceptive pill, its cost precludes it from consideration as a means of eliminating menstruation.
Topics: Amenorrhea; Buserelin; Contraceptives, Oral; Danazol; Female; Gestrinone; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Goserelin; Humans; Military Personnel
PubMed: 1533675
DOI: 10.1136/jramc-138-01-04 -
Fortschritte Der Medizin Nov 1978After stopping hormonal contraception, some women have temporarily impaired fertility. In a study on more than 500 women, using the age of menarche as parameter, it was...
After stopping hormonal contraception, some women have temporarily impaired fertility. In a study on more than 500 women, using the age of menarche as parameter, it was evaluated which would develop post-pill amenorrhea. It was found that women with early menarche are emotionally more stable, get higher school degrees and have a more positive state of mind regarding sexuality, pregnancy and birth than those with late menarche. All these factors should be considered in patient care.
Topics: Amenorrhea; Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Education; Female; Humans; Intelligence; Menarche; Personality; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 711122
DOI: No ID Found -
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift... Mar 1972
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Embryo Implantation; Female; Humans; Time Factors
PubMed: 5011499
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2021Despite the widespread use of oral contraceptives (OCs), and the well-documented influence of estrogens, notably 17β-estradiol (E2), on cognition, research relating OCs...
BACKGROUND
Despite the widespread use of oral contraceptives (OCs), and the well-documented influence of estrogens, notably 17β-estradiol (E2), on cognition, research relating OCs to working memory is limited and mixed. Two factors may contribute to these mixed findings: 1) pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives, which drive fluctuations in synthetic hormone levels; and 2) genetic polymorphisms related to dopamine degradation and working memory, which interact with E2. This research investigated whether the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives, in concert with the single nucleotide polymorphism (Val158Met; rs4680) of the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene (COMT), influence working memory performance.
METHODS
University-age women taking and not taking OCs were tested for working memory and genotyped for COMT. If they were not taking OCs (n = 62), sessions occurred in the early follicular (low E2) and late follicular (high E2) phase. If they were taking OCs (n = 52), sessions occurred 1-2 hours after (high ethinyl estradiol, EE) and ~24 hours after (low EE) pill ingestion. Working memory was tested using the N-back, AX-CPT, Digit Span, and Digit Ordering Tasks. Data were analyzed using multilevel models with estrogen condition, COMT, and group as predictors, controlling for mood and practice effects.
RESULTS
For women taking OCs, time of pill ingestion did not influence performance. However, the subgroup with COMT val/val (low dopamine) were less accurate on 2-back lure trials than those with COMT met/met (high dopamine). For women not taking OCs, cycle phase moderated COMT's influence on lure accuracy. When compared, women taking OCs had higher AX-CPT proactive control indices than those not taking OCs.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that oral contraceptives are not detrimental for young women's working memory and that they may increase proactive control. The more pronounced effects of COMT in women taking OCs suggests that, in women taking OCs, suppressed endogenous E2-not fluctuating EE levels-may be more relevant for working memory. Future studies are needed to differentiate effects of endogenous versus synthetic estrogens on working memory.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Catechol O-Methyltransferase; Contraceptives, Oral; Dopamine; Drug Administration Schedule; Estrogens; Female; Genotype; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Tablets; Task Performance and Analysis; Young Adult
PubMed: 34111174
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252807 -
American Family Physician Nov 1999Oral contraceptive pills are widely used and are generally safe and effective for many women. The World Health Organization has developed a risk classification system to... (Review)
Review
Oral contraceptive pills are widely used and are generally safe and effective for many women. The World Health Organization has developed a risk classification system to help physicians advise patients about the safety of oral contraceptive pills. The choice of pill formulation is influenced by clinical considerations. By choosing appropriately from the available pill formulations, family physicians can minimize negative side effects and maximize noncontraceptive benefits for their patients. Additional monitoring and follow-up are necessary in special populations, such as women over 35 years of age, smokers, perimenopausal women and adolescents. Third-generation progestins are additional options for achieving noncontraceptive benefits, but their use has raised new questions about thrombogenesis. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has labeled emergency postcoital contraception for use following unprotected coitus. Oral contraceptive pills are associated with few clinically significant drug interactions, although consideration of interactions remains important.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Contraindications; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Risk; World Health Organization
PubMed: 10569509
DOI: No ID Found -
Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin May 1992About one quarter of women in Britain aged 18-44 use oral contraceptives, and almost half of those aged 20-29. Many will use more than one type during their years of... (Review)
Review
About one quarter of women in Britain aged 18-44 use oral contraceptives, and almost half of those aged 20-29. Many will use more than one type during their years of sexual activity. Changes will occur as new products are introduced and new risks identified or in response to unwanted effects. Decisions may also be prompted by the need to restart oral contraception after a break as part of planned parenthood. Oral contraception is chosen chiefly because it is reliable and does not interrupt spontaneous sexual activity. Whether a combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) or a progestagen-only pill (POP) would be the more appropriate depends mainly on the woman's medical history, smoking habits and age. Most women will want good cycle control, and a few will prefer to take an inactive pill for a few days in each cycle rather than have a pill-free interval. This article discusses the choice when starting, restarting or switching oral contraception.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Female; Humans
PubMed: 1611961
DOI: No ID Found