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Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen... 1997
Review
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; Family Planning Services; Female; Humans; Patient Satisfaction; Risk Assessment; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 11466847
DOI: No ID Found -
FP Essentials Nov 2017The oral contraceptive pill (OCP) is the most commonly used form of reversible contraception. The two types of OCPs are combination oral contraceptives (COCs), which... (Review)
Review
The oral contraceptive pill (OCP) is the most commonly used form of reversible contraception. The two types of OCPs are combination oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain estrogen and progesterone, and progestin-only pills (POPs). Both have failure rates of approximately 7.2% to 9% with typical use, and are safe for most patients. Because estrogen-containing contraceptives can increase the risk of venous thromboembolism, patients with conditions associated with a risk of cardiovascular events should not use COCs. Blood pressure level should be assessed before initiation of oral contraceptives. Noncontraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives include reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers, more favorable bleeding patterns, and improvement in menstruation-related symptoms such as acne, migraine headaches, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. OCPs can be initiated any time the physician can be reasonably certain that the patient is not pregnant. Extended cycle regimens may be preferred by some patients. After assessing need, physicians should present all methods that can be used safely using a tiered effectiveness approach. High-quality contraceptive counseling includes working collaboratively with patients to find the most effective and acceptable method for them and helping to identify factors that may assist in or hinder their ability to use the method correctly over time.
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Drug Interactions; Family Planning Services; Family Practice; Female; Humans
PubMed: 29172411
DOI: No ID Found -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Feb 1998Although the development of a hormonal contraceptive for men has proved to be more of a challenge than oral contraception for women, several experimental prototypes... (Review)
Review
Although the development of a hormonal contraceptive for men has proved to be more of a challenge than oral contraception for women, several experimental prototypes already satisfy many of the criteria that must be met. Steroid regimes are more effective in Asians than in men of other ethnic backgrounds. They are inexpensive, and the effect is reversible.GnRH analogues are promising, but further research is needed and is being carried out. Androgens must be used as a supplement to all hormonal strategies in order to maintain normal sexual function. The impact of androgens on lipid metabolism and prostate physiology must be clarified. Lack of funding is the greatest barrier to further research and the development of a hormonal contraceptive for men.
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Humans; Male
PubMed: 9520589
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) Dec 1999Totals of 450 women attending family planning clinics in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Edinburgh, and 468 in Cape Town, completed a questionnaire designed to seek their views...
Totals of 450 women attending family planning clinics in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Edinburgh, and 468 in Cape Town, completed a questionnaire designed to seek their views on a contraceptive pill which would be taken only once each month. At least two-thirds of the women in all centres liked the idea of a once-a-month pill. In Hong Kong, Cape Town and Edinburgh, women preferred a pill which inhibited ovulation to one which inhibited implantation, while in all centres a pill which worked after implantation (early menstrual inducer) was considered unacceptable by over half the women. A pill which was taken after a missed menstrual period was considered preferable in all centres, perhaps because it would not be used every month but rather only if pregnancy had occurred. No demographic characteristics, contraceptive experiences or beliefs were consistently correlated with attitudes towards a once-a-month pill, except that women who would not consider having an abortion were more likely to dislike a method that either prevented, or worked after, implantation. A once-a-month pill is now technically possible, although the major drawback is the need to determine when it should be taken. It is reassuring that many women from a variety of different cultures and with widely different experiences, would find this an attractive approach to contraception.
Topics: Abortifacient Agents; Attitude to Health; China; Contraceptives, Oral; Drug Administration Schedule; Embryo Implantation; Female; Hong Kong; Humans; International Cooperation; Ovulation; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Scotland; South Africa; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 10601090
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/14.12.3018 -
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde Jan 1994
Review
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 8289952
DOI: No ID Found -
Fertility and Sterility 1969
Topics: Biopsy; Contraceptives, Oral; Endometrium; Estranes; Female; Humans; Menstruation; Pregnancy
PubMed: 5361463
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)37203-x -
JAMA Jan 1969
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans
PubMed: 5818142
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1969.03150140106037 -
Journal of Advanced Nursing Sep 1990The literature review has been carried out to determine the effects of the contraceptive pill in relation to the development of certain cancers. Current research...
The literature review has been carried out to determine the effects of the contraceptive pill in relation to the development of certain cancers. Current research findings are presented, in an attempt to evaluate the risks and benefits associated with oral contraceptive use. Particular attention is paid to the findings of a recent United Kingdom National Study, which supports the controversial link between the pill and breast cancer. The actions of the combined oral contraceptive pill and the progesterone-only pill are explored regarding their influence on the ovarian, breast, endometrial and cervical cancers. A background to the incidence and risk factors associated with these cancers is given. Included is a brief analysis of long and short-term use, dose variability and chemistry of the pill. It emerges through the literature that the pill clearly has a protective function in relation to cancers of the ovary and the endometrium. However, its influence on the development of breast cancer and cervical cancer remains irresolute pending further research. In the absence of firm guidelines for advice to clients concerning the sensible use of oral contraceptives, proposals are included for a more reasoned approach to choice.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Incidence; Mass Screening; Neoplasms; Risk Factors; United Kingdom
PubMed: 2229699
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1990.tb01981.x -
RN Jul 1988
Topics: Adult; Contraceptives, Oral; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans
PubMed: 3387842
DOI: No ID Found -
Family Planning Perspectives 1999
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Contraception; Contraceptives, Oral; Drug and Narcotic Control; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Policy; Humans; Japan
PubMed: 10029933
DOI: No ID Found