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Hormone and Metabolic Research =... May 1996
Review
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Epidemiologic Factors; Female; Humans
PubMed: 8738114
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-979174 -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 1974
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Fertility; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Time Factors
PubMed: 4134925
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91063-0 -
Contraceptive Technology Update Jan 1985
Topics: Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Family Planning Services
PubMed: 12279914
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Apr 1996
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Contraceptives, Oral; Fear; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Pregnancy
PubMed: 8616388
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7037.996 -
Historia, Ciencias, Saude--Manguinhos 2018The pharmacy world was a mandatory crossing point and active player in the establishment of hormonal contraception in Brazil. Through an analysis of articles published...
The pharmacy world was a mandatory crossing point and active player in the establishment of hormonal contraception in Brazil. Through an analysis of articles published in A Gazeta da Farmácia from 1960 to 1981, the study explores little-known aspects of the birth control pill's biography and the construction of its Brazilian market. For pharmacy professionals, oral contraceptives were "opportunity pills" in two senses: they provided profits and they restored the prestige of these professionals within the scientific, clinical-therapeutic, and political realms. The pathways of the pill and the pharmacy world intersected as both wove their biographies under the patronage of industry. Pharmacists and the pill were co-constructed, and each was an important crossing point for the other.
Topics: Brazil; Commerce; Contraceptives, Oral; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; History of Pharmacy; History, 20th Century; Periodicals as Topic; Pharmaceutical Services; Pharmacists; Professional Role; Sociological Factors
PubMed: 30365733
DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702018000400007 -
Harefuah Feb 1983
Topics: Cerebrovascular Disorders; Contraceptives, Oral; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Humans; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 6618293
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Contraception : the... Dec 1989Data on the risks and benefits of using the oral contraceptive continue to accumulate. Because of continuing changes in the formulation and dosage of both the estrogens... (Review)
Review
Data on the risks and benefits of using the oral contraceptive continue to accumulate. Because of continuing changes in the formulation and dosage of both the estrogens and progestins, the medical community must constantly re-evaluate all older data when considering current risk/benefit ratios. The changes in pill formulation have led to increased acceptability with a reduction of both nuisance and serious long-term side effects. The risks must be balanced against the major contraceptive and non-contraceptive benefits that are provided by the pill. Although both the benefits and risks have been documented in the literature, both the physician and the patient are being overwhelmed by press reports stressing mainly the negative aspects of the pill. It is incumbent on all physicians to periodically review the sources and validity of all medical reports on the pill. While the benefits of the pill outweigh the risks, the physician must be constantly aware of the changing world literature in order to optimize his/her prescribing patterns.
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans
PubMed: 2700420
DOI: 10.1007/BF01890893 -
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Jun 1968
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Ethinyl Estradiol; Female; Humans; Menstruation; Pregnancy; Progestins
PubMed: 5666993
DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0160137 -
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey Sep 1989Cardiovascular risks attributable to oral contraceptive use may now be subdivided into those that appear to be secondary to the estrogen component, i.e., venous... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular risks attributable to oral contraceptive use may now be subdivided into those that appear to be secondary to the estrogen component, i.e., venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and those linked to the progestin component, i.e., small vessel disease including myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident. It appears that venous risk is attributable to subtle changes in clotting factors, while arterial risk may be secondary to changes in glucose and lipid metabolism. In order to determine which women are at greatest risk from oral contraceptive use, Spellacy et al. has developed a risk scoring form that aids in the screening process. After excluding women with an absolute contraindication to pill use, women at greatest risk for cardiovascular disease related to oral contraceptive use are those with a family history of hyperlipidemia, gestational or overt diabetics, hypertensives, and smokers over the age of 35. The gradual reduction by manufacturers of the steroid content of oral contraceptives appears to have lessened the incidence of adverse effects. Our current knowledge of risk factors permits the clinician to reduce exposure to oral contraceptive-related mortality by as much as 86 per cent. As we continue to search for ways to reduce risk among oral contraceptive users, it is important to note that more than 25 per cent of women are still taking formulations containing 50 micrograms of estrogen. It becomes the responsibility of the practicing physician to "step-down" these patients to lower-dose preparations such as the multiphasics. Such preparations also represent optimal therapy for first-time pill users.
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 2671844
DOI: 10.1097/00006254-198909000-00005 -
Cutis Oct 2000Combination oral contraceptives (OCs) (those that contain estrogen and progestin) are widely used in the treatment of acne because they modify an excessively androgenic... (Review)
Review
Combination oral contraceptives (OCs) (those that contain estrogen and progestin) are widely used in the treatment of acne because they modify an excessively androgenic hormonal environment and can decrease lesions. Dermatologists' knowledge of the most appropriate OC may be hampered by an incomplete understanding of these agents, misleading promotion, and confusion surrounding the new generation of OCs. Despite reports attributing significance to the degree of androgenicity of the progestin components of OCs, in vitro and animal bioassays of androgenicity have little clinical relevance. Because all of today's low-dose combination OCs are estrogen dominant, they are equally beneficial in women with androgenic conditions such as acne. Use of the OC containing the lowest dose of each hormone, consistent with the patient's needs, can enhance compliance by preventing or limiting common early-cycle side effects (e.g., nausea/vomiting, breast tenderness, weight gain, headache), while providing acne improvement.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans
PubMed: 11109151
DOI: No ID Found