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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1970
Topics: Acids; Adult; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Carboxylic Acids; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Ketones; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Picolinic Acids; Pyrazoles; Pyrimidines; Rats
PubMed: 5535400
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.10.1.123 -
Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign... Mar 19761. Metabolism of the antibacterial, piromidic acid (5,8-dihydro-8-ethyl-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid) was investigated in rats and human... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
1. Metabolism of the antibacterial, piromidic acid (5,8-dihydro-8-ethyl-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid) was investigated in rats and human subjects. Ten metabolites and the unchanged drug were found in the urine and the bile of both species after oral administration. 2. Metabolites were identified by comparison with authentic materials, except for the unstable metabolite, M-VI, for which a probable structure is proposed. The metabolic pathway of piromidic acid involved hydroxylation in the pyrrolidine ring to give the 2- and 3-hydroxy-derivatives (M-II and M-V). M-II was further metabolized to the corresponding gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative (M-IV) and the 2-5-dihydroxypyrrolidine derivative (M-VI) which was further metabolized to the 2-amino-pyridopyrimidine carboxylic acid (M-III). Piromidic acid, M-V, M-II, M-III and M-IV were partly excreted as respective glucuronides. 3. Metabolites, except glucuronides, exhibited antibacterial activity; M-V and M-II showed greater activity than piromidic acid. 4. The metabolism of piromidic acid is discussed in relation to the physicochemical properties of the drug and its metabolites.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Organ Specificity; Purines; Rats; Species Specificity
PubMed: 1274382
DOI: 10.3109/00498257609151628 -
Journal of Chromatography Jul 1987A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of nalidixic acid (NA), oxolinic acid (OXA) and piromidic acid (PMA) in cultured fish has been developed by...
A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of nalidixic acid (NA), oxolinic acid (OXA) and piromidic acid (PMA) in cultured fish has been developed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The drugs were extracted with 0.1% metaphosphoric acid-methanol (6:4), followed by a Sep-Pak C18 clean-up procedure. The HPLC separation was carried out on a Kaseisorb LC ODS 300-5 column (25 cm x 4.6 mm I.D.) using 5 mM phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (6:4) as a mobile phase. A fluorescence detector was used for NA and OXA at the excitation wavelength of 325 nm and the emission wavelength of 365 nm and an ultraviolet detector at 280 nm for PMA. The calibration graphs were rectilinear from 1 to 10 ng for OXA, from 2 to 20 ng for NA and PMA. The recoveries of NA, OXA and PMA added to fish were 81.5-85.3, 83.7-88.7 and 80.9-84.9%, respectively, with high accuracy. The limits of detection were 0.01 micrograms/g for each drug.
Topics: Animals; Carps; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fishes; Indicators and Reagents; Mass Spectrometry; Nalidixic Acid; Nicotinic Acids; Oxolinic Acid; Piromidic Acid; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Trout
PubMed: 3654871
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(87)80028-6 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin Mar 1976
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Glucuronates; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Liver; Male; Nicotinic Acids; Pyrrolidines; Rats
PubMed: 1021250
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.24.437 -
International Journal of Clinical... Apr 1973
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Nalidixic Acid; Picolinic Acids; Pyelonephritis; Pyrimidines; Pyrrolidines; Rats
PubMed: 4581342
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of AOAC International 1998A peer-verified, liquid chromatographic (LC) method for simultaneous determination of residues of flumequine (FLU), nalidixic acid (NAL), oxolinic acid (OXO), and...
A peer-verified, liquid chromatographic (LC) method for simultaneous determination of residues of flumequine (FLU), nalidixic acid (NAL), oxolinic acid (OXO), and piromidic acid (PIR) in catfish muscle is presented. Sample workup involves homogenizing tissue with acetone, defatting with hexane, and extracting quinolones into chloroform. Sample is purified further by partitioning into base and then subsequently back-extracting into chloroform after acidifying the aqueous phase. After solvent is evaporated, the residue is diluted with mobile phase, and analytes are introduced into an LC system where separations are made with a 5 microns, reversed-phase polymer column and an isocratic, buffered acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran mobile phase. Determinations are made by UV detection at 280 nm for PIR and by fluorescence detection (excitation at 325 excitation and emission at 365 nm) for the other 3 analytes. Each quinolone was used to fortify catfish muscle at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ng/g. The following recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD) values represent an average of the 5 levels for each analyte: FLU, 79.7% (RSD = 5.7%); OXO, 80.8% (RSD = 6.3%); PIR, 75.0% (RSD = 5.9%); and NAL, 87.1% (RSD = 10%). Assay of 5 levels (base incurred catfish, plus 4 dilutions with control catfish) of catfish muscle incurred with the 4 quinolones gave the following averages: FLU: base, 198 ng/g (RSD = 2.3%); dilutions, 98.0 ng/g (RSD = 4.2%), 61.6 ng/g (RSD = 4.4%), 21.6 ng/g (RSD = 2.8%), 9.24 ng/g (RSD = 8.7%); OXO, base, 257 ng/g (RSD = 6.9%); dilutions, 146 ng/g (RSD = 5.5%), 95.0 ng/g (RSD = 4.1%), 30.7 ng/g (RSD = 3.8%), 13.7 ng/g (RSD = 4.6%); PIR, base, 22.1 ng/g (RSD = 4.2%); dilutions, 13.7% ng/g (RSD = 6.7%), 6.49 ng/g (RSD = 15%), 2.65 ng/g (RSD = 15%); and NAL, base, 75.1 ng/g (RSD = 3.8%); dilutions, 42.3 ng/g (RSD = 5.1%), 24.1 ng/g (RSD = 6.3%), 8.59 ng/g (RSD = 4.8%). A second multiresidue analysis of the 4 quinolones was performed by an outside analyst. Average recoveries from catfish fortified at 5, 10, 20, and 40 ng/g were FLU, 75.9% (RSD = 4.0%); OXO, 84.0% (RSD = 5.5%); NAL, 85.6% (RSD = 8.9%); and PIR, 66.2% (RSD = 8.7%).
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Calibration; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Residues; Fluoroquinolones; Ictaluridae; Indicators and Reagents; Meat; Nalidixic Acid; Oxolinic Acid; Piromidic Acid; Quality Control; Quinolizines; Reference Standards; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
PubMed: 9680708
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Jan 1977
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Kanamycin; Nalidixic Acid; Nicotinic Acids; Phenanthrolines
PubMed: 321411
DOI: 10.1093/jac/3.1.101 -
Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. Scientific... Feb 1986The first quinolone compound, nalidixic acid, showed activity against a limited number of Gram-negative micro-organisms. 'One step' resistance developed in vitro and...
The first quinolone compound, nalidixic acid, showed activity against a limited number of Gram-negative micro-organisms. 'One step' resistance developed in vitro and during treatment. Resistance was not mediated by transfer of R-plasmids, which is a characteristic of all quinolones. Newer quinolones like oxolinic acid, piromidic acid, cinoxacin and pipemidic acid exhibit an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria at lower MIC values. In recent years fluorinated quinolones were introduced like ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin and amifloxacin. These compounds exhibit in vitro a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at MIC values seventy to four hundred times less than those for nalidixic acid. The in vitro activity of these compounds has been investigated in a large study of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in general practice (PINISU). No resistance was found. The fluorinated quinolones are very promising antimicrobial agents for a limited number of indications.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Quinolines; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 3960690
DOI: 10.1007/BF01975475 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1970
Topics: Animals; Carboxylic Acids; Dogs; Escherichia coli Infections; Ketones; Mice; Picolinic Acids; Pyrazoles; Pyrimidines; Rats; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 4939730
DOI: No ID Found -
Nephron 1982
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aspirin; Biopsy; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Kidney; Middle Aged; Nephritis, Interstitial; Nicotinic Acids; Piromidic Acid
PubMed: 7177284
DOI: 10.1159/000182810