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Journal of Neurotrauma Jan 2012Pituitary deficiencies have been reported after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may contribute to lasting cognitive disorders in this context. In a population of TBI...
Pituitary deficiencies have been reported after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may contribute to lasting cognitive disorders in this context. In a population of TBI patients with persistent cognitive and/or behavioral disorders, we sought to determine the prevalence of lasting pituitary deficiency and relationships with TBI severity, cognitive disorders, and impairments in activities of daily living (ADL). Fifty-five patients were included (mean age 36.1 years; 46 men) at least 1 year after TBI. They underwent a comprehensive evaluation of pituitary function (basic tests and stimulation), initial TBI severity, and long-term outcomes (cognitive performance, Glasgow Outcome Scale score, impact on ADL, and quality of life [QoL]). We used chi-squared and Mann-Whitney tests to probe for significant (p≤0.05) relationships between pituitary disorders and other parameters. Thirty-eight (69%) patients had at least one pituitary hormone deficiency. Growth hormone deficiency was more prevalent (severe: 40.0%; partial: 23.6%) than corticotropin (27.3%) or thyrotropin (21.8%) deficiencies. Other deficiencies were rare. Growth hormone deficiency was associated with attention and verbal memory disorders and reduced involvement in ADL. We did not find any relationship between pituitary deficiency and the TBI's initial severity. In a multivariate analysis, the TBI severity was introduced as a first factor, and pituitary deficits as a secondary factor for explaining the late outcome (ADL and QoL). In conclusion, TBI patients with cognitive sequelae must undergo pituitary screening because growth hormone, corticotropin, and thyrotropin deficits are particularly common and can adversely affect ADL and reduce QoL.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Brain Injuries; Cognition Disorders; Female; Glasgow Outcome Scale; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Male; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones; Quality of Life
PubMed: 21992034
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2048 -
Immunology Letters Dec 1994The protein mediator described originally as macrophage migration inhibitory factor has been "rediscovered" to be both a novel pituitary hormone and a pro-inflammatory,... (Review)
Review
The protein mediator described originally as macrophage migration inhibitory factor has been "rediscovered" to be both a novel pituitary hormone and a pro-inflammatory, macrophage-derived cytokine. MIF plays a pivotal role in the host response to endotoxic shock and appears to serve as a pituitary "stress" hormone that regulates systemic inflammatory responses.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cytokines; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Macrophages; Molecular Sequence Data; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Shock, Septic
PubMed: 7737686
DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(94)00152-9 -
Endocrine Reviews Oct 1997
Review
Topics: Animals; Excitatory Amino Acids; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Neurosecretory Systems; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Reproduction; Sexual Maturation
PubMed: 9331548
DOI: 10.1210/edrv.18.5.0311 -
Clinical Endocrinology May 1993We evaluated the presence of anti-pituitary hormone autoantibodies (APHA) in patients with primary empty sella syndrome and pituitary tumours and examined the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the presence of anti-pituitary hormone autoantibodies (APHA) in patients with primary empty sella syndrome and pituitary tumours and examined the correlation of positive antibodies with the hormonal deficiencies.
DESIGN
Case-control, retrospective study.
PATIENTS
Eleven patients were identified with primary empty sella syndrome or a pituitary tumour by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scanning. Six healthy, normal subjects without evidence of a pituitary problem served as the control group.
MEASUREMENTS
Anti-pituitary hormone autoantibodies against purified pituitary hormones were measured in all subjects utilizing an immunoblotting technique. All patients with pituitary disease had their medical records reviewed for any hormonal evaluation.
RESULTS
All of the normal subjects were negative for antipituitary hormone antibodies. Forty-five per cent of patients with pituitary disease (pituitary tumours or primary empty sella syndrome) had positive antipitutary hormone antibodies. Of the five patients with positive antipituitary hormone antibodies, anti-ACTH antibodies were the most common (5/5) followed by anti-TSH and anti-GH antibodies (2/5 for each). The hormonal deficiencies failed to correspond with the antipituitary hormone antibodies. Anti-ACTH antibody had a sensitivity of 50% with a specificity of 56%. The anti-TSH antibody yielded a sensitivity of 67% with a specificity of 100%. The anti-FSH/LH antibody reported a 0% sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS
Detection of antipituitary hormone antibody was unable to discriminate between empty sella syndrome and pituitary tumours. The presence of these antipituitary hormone antibodies were neither specific for, nor predictive of, the endocrine deficiencies.
Topics: Adenoma; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Autoantibodies; Blotting, Western; Case-Control Studies; Empty Sella Syndrome; Female; Growth Hormone; Humans; Immunoblotting; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Hormones; Pituitary Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 8080469
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00345.x -
Journal of Proteomics Mar 2012Growth hormone 1 (GH1), a pituitary hormone, plays a key role in the regulation of growth. Both excess GH1 treatment and overexpression of a GH1 transgene promote growth...
Growth hormone 1 (GH1), a pituitary hormone, plays a key role in the regulation of growth. Both excess GH1 treatment and overexpression of a GH1 transgene promote growth of salmon, but these animals exhibit physiological abnormalities in viability, fertility and metabolism, which might be related to pituitary function. However, the molecular dynamics induced in the pituitary by excess GH1 remain unknown. In this study, we performed iTRAQ proteome analysis of the amago salmon pituitary, with and without excess GH1 treatment, and found that the expression levels of proteins related to endocrine systems, metabolism, cell growth and proliferation were altered in the GH1-treated pituitary. Specifically, pituitary hormone prolactin (2.29 fold), and somatolactin α (0.14 fold) changed significantly. This result was confirmed by proteome and transcriptome analyses of pituitary from the GH1-transgenic (GH1-Tg) amago salmon. The dynamics of protein and gene expression in the pituitary of GH1-Tg amago salmon were similar to those of pituitary treated with excess GH1. Our findings suggest that not only excess GH1 hormone, but also the quantitative changes in other pituitary hormones, might be essential for the abnormal growth of amago salmon. These data will be useful in future attempts to increase the productivity of fish farming.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Cell Proliferation; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression Profiling; Growth Hormone; Lipid Metabolism; Oncorhynchus; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones; Proteome
PubMed: 22207156
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.009 -
Medical Science Monitor : International... Nov 2018BACKGROUND The aim was to develop and assess a general pituitary hormone score to evaluate the function of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) in patients following...
Evaluation of a Novel General Pituitary Hormone Score to Evaluate the Function of the Residual Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) in Patients Following Surgery for Pituitary Adenoma.
BACKGROUND The aim was to develop and assess a general pituitary hormone score to evaluate the function of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) in patients following resection of pituitary adenomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-six patients with pituitary null cell macroadenoma (1-3 cm diameter) (N=38) and pituitary null cell giant adenoma (≥3 cm diameter) (N=28) had preoperative and postoperative data including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and measurement of six pituitary hormones levels, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). The postoperative general pituitary hormone score, for 57 patients who underwent subtotal resection (>60%) and nine patients who underwent partial resection (≤60%), was 1-5 for each hormone level (score range, 6-30). RESULTS ACTH, GH, TSH, PRL, FSH, and LH levels in 38 patients with pituitary null cell macroadenoma were not statistically different from the 28 patients with pituitary null cell giant adenoma; the general pituitary hormone score in the former group was significantly increased compared with the latter group (P<0.05). ACTH, GH, TSH, PRL, FSH, and LH levels in the 57 patients with subtotal tumor resection were not significantly different from the nine patients with partial tumor resection; the general pituitary hormone score in the former group was significantly reduced compared with the latter group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A general pituitary hormone score was developed that might be relevant to the evaluation of pituitary function following surgical resection of pituitary null cell macroadenoma and giant adenoma.
Topics: Adenoma; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; China; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Dysfunction Scores; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Pituitary Hormones; Pituitary Neoplasms; Prolactin; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 30397189
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.909925 -
The Journal of Endocrinology Feb 1975Pituitary content or concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone in the genetically androgen insensitive male rat... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Pituitary content or concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone in the genetically androgen insensitive male rat pseudohermaphrodite is intermediate between normal male and female rats, while pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration and serum FSH levels are the same as in the normal male. The concentration of serum LH, prolactin and growth hormone indicated no sexual dimorphism. Although the pseudohermaphrodite is genetically male with a female phenotype, our results suggest some degree of masculinization of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Disorders of Sex Development; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Organ Size; Phenotype; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones; Prolactin; Radioimmunoassay; Rats
PubMed: 1117235
DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.0640249 -
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior Jan 1986Nausea was induced by having subjects smoke two high nicotine cigarettes in quick succession. Plasma levels of prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone,...
Nausea was induced by having subjects smoke two high nicotine cigarettes in quick succession. Plasma levels of prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin, growth hormone, arginine vasopressin, and neurophysin I increased without changes in thyroid stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, or follicle stimulating hormone. Nausea and pituitary hormone release correlated with high nicotine intake (smoking 2.87 mg nicotine cigarettes) but did not occur during lower nicotine intake (smoking 0.48 mg nicotine cigarettes). Individual differences in nausea and related hormonal responses may provide an objective method for predicting receptivity to smoking.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Nausea; Pituitary Hormones; Smoking; Time Factors
PubMed: 3945662
DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90062-6 -
Acta Endocrinologica Dec 1993Secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), beta-endorphin and prolactin (PRL) is complex and involves a variety of factors. This review... (Review)
Review
Secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), beta-endorphin and prolactin (PRL) is complex and involves a variety of factors. This review focuses on the involvement of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in neuroendocrine regulation of these anterior pituitary hormones with special reference to receptor involvement, mode of action and origin of AVP. Arginine-vasopressin may act via at least two types of receptors: V1- and V2-receptors, where the pituitary V1-receptor is designated V1b. The mode of action of AVP may be mediating, i.e. anterior pituitary hormone secretion is transmitted via release of AVP, or the mode of action may be permissive, i.e. the presence of AVP at a low and constant level is required for anterior pituitary hormones to be stimulated. Under in vivo conditions, the AVP-induced release of ACTH and beta-endorphin is mainly mediated via activation of hypothalamic V1-receptors, which subsequently leads to the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone. Under in vitro conditions, the AVP-stimulated release of ACTH and beta-endorphin is mediated via pituitary V1b-receptors. The mode of action of AVP in the ACTH and beta-endorphin response to stress and to histamine, which is involved in stress-induced secretion of anterior pituitary hormones, is mediating (utilizing V1-receptors) as well as permissive (utilizing mainly V1-but also V2-receptors). The AVP-induced release of PRL under in vivo conditions is conveyed mainly via activation of V1-receptors but V2-receptors and probably additional receptor(s) may also play a role.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Neurosecretory Systems; Prolactin; beta-Endorphin
PubMed: 8109180
DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.1290489 -
Brain Tumor Pathology Apr 2006Combined in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) under electron microscopy (EM-ISH&IHC) has sufficient ultrastructural resolution and provides...
Analyses of the mechanism of intracellular transport and secretion of pituitary hormone, with an insight of the subcellular localization of pituitary hormone and its mRNA.
Combined in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) under electron microscopy (EM-ISH&IHC) has sufficient ultrastructural resolution and provides two-dimensional images of subcellular localization of pituitary hormone and its mRNA in a pituitary cell. The advantages of semiconductor nanocrystals (Quantum dots, Qdots) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) enable us to obtain three-dimensional images of subcellular localization of pituitary hormone and its mRNA. Both EM-ISH&IHC and ISH&IHC using Qdots and CLSM are useful for understanding the relation between protein and mRNA simultaneously in two or three dimensions. Another important issue is the intracellular transport and secretion of pituitary hormone. We have developed an experimental pituitary cell line, the GH3 cell, which has growth hormone (GH) linked to enhanced yellow fluorescein protein (EYFP). This stable GH3 cell secretes GH linked to EYFP upon stimulated by Ca2+ influx or Ca2+ release from storage. This GH3 cell is useful for real-time visualization of the intracellular transport and secretion of GH. These three methods enable us to visualize consecutively the process of transcription, translation, transport, and secretion of pituitary hormone.
Topics: Animals; Antisense Elements (Genetics); Bacterial Proteins; Biological Transport, Active; Calcium; Cell Line; Intracellular Space; Luminescent Proteins; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron; Pituitary Hormones; Quantum Dots; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Subcellular Fractions
PubMed: 18095112
DOI: 10.1007/s10014-005-0189-y