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Neurosurgery Sep 1981Measurements of the serum levels of pituitary hormones were made in six patients with uncomplicated head injury. Samples were obtained at 4-hour intervals for 72 hours...
Measurements of the serum levels of pituitary hormones were made in six patients with uncomplicated head injury. Samples were obtained at 4-hour intervals for 72 hours to evaluate diurnal rhythms. Three of the six patients revealed elevations of serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactin, but no trends could be established. Likewise, three patients had marked elevations of luteinizing hormone and lesser elevations of follicle-stimulating hormone, but no pattern was discernible. The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone was stable and remained in the normal range throughout. GH was measured after intravenous glucose loading. A paradoxical rise reverted to normal at the late follow-up evaluation. It is suggested that the abnormal levels were related to abnormal hypothalamic function rather than to pituitary damage.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Circadian Rhythm; Craniocerebral Trauma; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Glucose Tolerance Test; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Prolactin; Thyrotropin; Time Factors
PubMed: 6795524
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Biochemical... 1986Intraventricular injection (3V) of GABA can lead to a dose-related increase in plasma LH in ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX, estrogen-primed animals. Since the effects were... (Review)
Review
Intraventricular injection (3V) of GABA can lead to a dose-related increase in plasma LH in ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX, estrogen-primed animals. Since the effects were blocked by the GABA receptor antagonist, bicucculine (B), they appear to be specific. These alterations in plasma LH were accompanied by alterations in hypothalamic LHRH, dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) content which suggests roles for all three compounds in the genesis of the increase in plasma LH. Since the DA receptor blocker pimozide (P) failed to block the elevation in LH induced by GABA it appears that the effect of GABA on LH release is mediated by NE. Others have found that the GABA agonist, muscimol, can lower plasma LH under certain conditions. Consequently, it appears likely that there may be opposite actions of GABA on LHRH release depending on the site of action within the hypothalamus. Intravenous (iv) injection of B in OVX rats produced an initial fall in plasma LH followed by a prolonged rise which again suggests several sites of action of GABA on LH release. GABA had no effect on FSH release consistent with separate control of this hormone. 3V injection of various doses of GABA produced a dose-related lowering of plasma TSH in OVX rats which appeared to be mediated by the dopaminergic system since P abolished the TSH-lowering of GABA. Following iv injection of B in normal male rats, there was a dramatic decline in TSH suggesting that under these conditions GABA would have a stimulatory action. Similar results were seen in OVX rats. The results indicate an important stimulatory action of GABA on TSH release in both males and OVX females. Perhaps the discrepancy between the results with B and GABA can be explained again by multiple sites of action of GABA of opposite sign. 3V injection of GABA induced a dose-related stimulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion; however, more recent evidence from other laboratories suggests that under certain conditions GABA has an inhibitory role in GH secretion. Again, we speculate that GABA had dual sites of action of opposite sign to affect GH. In contrast to the effects of GABA on these pituitary hormones, it appears to have a direct inhibitory effect on prolactin (Prl) secretion via the lactotrophs. Both stimulatory and inhibitory actions of GABA have been found following its injection into the brain. Studies with iv B also support dual actions on Prl release.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Growth Hormone; Hypothalamus; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Prolactin; Thyrotropin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 3020896
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Medical Genetics Jun 1998To ascertain the molecular background of combined pituitary hormone deficiency, screening for mutations in the pituitary-specific transcription factor (Pit-1/GHF-1) gene... (Review)
Review
To ascertain the molecular background of combined pituitary hormone deficiency, screening for mutations in the pituitary-specific transcription factor (Pit-1/GHF-1) gene (PIT1) was performed on a cohort of 15 children from Russia with combined growth hormone (GH)/prolactin (Prl)/thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency. The group of patients, suspected of PIT1 mutations, consisted of four familial cases (seven patients) and eight sporadic cases. All had complete GH deficiency and complete or partial Prl and TSH deficiency. Direct sequencing of all six exons of PIT1 and its promoter region showed a C to T transition mutation at codon 14 of exon 1 in a 3 8/12-year-old girl. This novel PIT1 mutation results in a proline to leucine substitution (P14L). The patient was heterozygous for mutant and normal alleles. The heterozygous P14L mutation was also present in her mother as well as in her maternal aunt and grandmother, all of whom were phenotypically normal. There was no mutation in the father's DNA, suggesting the need for reevaluation of genomic imprinting. In other children of our series, no mutation in PIT1 or in its promotor region was identified. This is the first report on the analysis of PIT1 and its promoter region in Russian children with GH/Prl/TSH deficiency. However, as the involvement of PIT1 mutation is rare in Russia, the other negative cases need to be analyzed for another candidate gene responsible for combined GH/Pr/TSH deficiency.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Cohort Studies; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Female; Growth Hormone; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Male; Pedigree; Pituitary Hormones; Prolactin; Russia; Thyrotropin; Transcription Factor Pit-1; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 9632165
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980605)77:5<360::aid-ajmg4>3.0.co;2-r -
The Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 1993Several patients with pituitary dwarfism and a variable degree of hypothyroidism have been shown to have mutations in their Pit-1 gene. Pit-1 activates transcription of... (Review)
Review
Several patients with pituitary dwarfism and a variable degree of hypothyroidism have been shown to have mutations in their Pit-1 gene. Pit-1 activates transcription of the growth hormone and prolactin genes and is necessary for the control of the beta-TSH gene transcription. The various mutations have different effects on the DNA binding and transactivating properties of Pit-1. Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency due to Pit-1 mutations is inherited either dominantly or recessively depending on the DNA binding properties of the mutant protein. The comparison of pheno- and genotype in patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency provides some insight into the function of the Pit-1 protein.
Topics: Animals; DNA-Binding Proteins; Humans; Mutation; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones; Transcription Factor Pit-1; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 7920987
DOI: 10.1515/jpem.1993.6.3-4.229 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 1990It has long been known that endogenous pyrogen, released as a result of injection of typhoid vaccine or in response to infection, produces fever and increases ACTH... (Review)
Review
It has long been known that endogenous pyrogen, released as a result of injection of typhoid vaccine or in response to infection, produces fever and increases ACTH secretion. Recent studies have indicated that endogenous pyrogen is, at least in part, IL-1. This monokine has now been shown to activate the release of ACTH by a hypothalamic mechanism with release of CRF and possibly vasopressin, which stimulates the corticotrophs. There may also be a pituitary action to stimulate the release of ACTH directly. In our experiments we showed that IL-1 at low but not higher doses appears to act intrahypothalamically to stimulate GH and PRL release and to inhibit TSH release. In the meantime, another monokine, cachectin, was isolated and its structure determined. We have found that this monokine can act following its third ventricular injection to stimulate ACTH, PRL, and GH release and to inhibit TSH release, at least in part, by release of prostaglandins since indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, produced a blockade of the responses except for those of ACTH. This peptide also has highly potent effects to alter pituitary hormone release by direct action on the pituitary to stimulate ACTH, GH, and TSH and to a slight extent PRL release. These actions appear to involve prostaglandins since indomethacin blocks all of the effects except for the effect on ACTH secretion. This monokine also produces a dose-related lowering of anterior pituitary cyclic AMP levels. When the monokine was incubated along with somatostatin, the lowering of cyclic AMP was reversed, and a potent PRL-releasing effect of the monokine was visible. We have begun studies with a third monokine, gamma interferon, which indicate that it stimulates ACTH release but suppresses plasma GH and TSH levels by a hypothalamic action. It is apparent that these various monokines have powerful effects to alter hypothalamic-pituitary function and that they probably mediate most of the effects of infections on the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Monokines; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior
PubMed: 2239430
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5799-5_20 -
Psychoneuroendocrinology 1982
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Dopamine; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypothalamus; Luteinizing Hormone; Neurotransmitter Agents; Norepinephrine; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Pituitary Hormones; Prolactin; Rabbits; Rats; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, GABA-A; Thyrotropin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 6124990
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(82)90052-x -
Psychoneuroendocrinology Dec 2023The role of anterior pituitary hormones - i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), growth hormone (GH),... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
The role of anterior pituitary hormones - i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - in early schizophrenia and psychoses unclear. We thus performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the blood concentrations of ACTH, LH and FSH, GH, PRL, and TSH in drug-naïve people with first-episode psychosis (FEP) as compared with healthy controls.
METHODS
We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo for articles indexed until September 2022. Data quality was appraised. Random-effects meta-analyses were carried out, generating pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs). Between-study heterogeneity was estimated using the I statistic. Sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were performed.
RESULTS
Twenty-six studies were included. Drug-naïve people with FEP, compared to healthy subjects, had higher blood concentrations of ACTH (k = 7; N = 548; SMD = 0.62; 95%CI: 0.29 to 0.94; p < 0.001; I = 60.9%) and PRL (k = 17; N = 1757; SMD = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.56 to 1.14; p < 0.001; I = 85.5%) as well as lower levels of TSH (k = 6; N = 677; SMD = -0.34; 95%CI: -0.54 to -0.14; p = 0.001; I = 29.1%). Meta-regressions did not show any moderating effect of age (p = 0.78), sex (p = 0.21), or symptom severity (p = 0.87) on PRL concentrations in drug-naïve FEP. Available data were not sufficient to perform meta-analyses on FSH, LH, and GH.
CONCLUSIONS
Drug-naïve people with FEP have altered ACTH, PRL, and TSH blood concentrations, supporting the hypothesis that an abnormal anterior pituitary hormone secretion may be involved in the onset of schizophrenia and psychoses. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of pituitary hormones in FEP.
Topics: Humans; Prolactin; Growth Hormone; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Thyrotropin; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Psychotic Disorders; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 37778198
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106392 -
British Medical Journal Feb 1969
Topics: Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Growth Hormone; Humans; Male; Oxytocin; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Pituitary Hormones, Posterior; Thyrotropin; Vasopressins
PubMed: 5763963
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER Jan 2009The LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain proteins are regulatory transcription factors that play overlapping but distinct functions during the establishment of the specialized... (Review)
Review
The LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain proteins are regulatory transcription factors that play overlapping but distinct functions during the establishment of the specialized cells of the mammalian pituitary gland and the nervous system. Recent studies have identified a variety of mutations in the LHX3 and LHX4 genes in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency diseases. These patients have complex and variable syndromes involving short stature, metabolic disorders, reproductive system deficits, and nervous system developmental abnormalities. The short stature secondary to growth hormone deficiency is a key feature of the disorders associated with these gene mutations and responds well to supplementation with recombinant growth hormone. Overall, the frequency of mutations in the LHX3 and LHX4 genes in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency is low. Mutations in other regulatory genes such as HESX1, PROP1, PIT1 / POU1F1, and GLI2 have been shown to be additional causes of pituitary hormone deficiency, but overall, the etiology of many cases of hypopituitarism is not understood. Further investigation is therefore required to identify other genes, both primary regulatory genes and those with modifier functions, which contribute to pituitary development and function.
Topics: Animals; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Hypopituitarism; LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; Mutation; Pituitary Hormones; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 19337183
DOI: No ID Found -
Domestic Animal Endocrinology Oct 2000In German shepherd dogs pituitary dwarfism is known as an autosomal recessive inherited abnormality. To investigate whether the function of cells other than the...
In German shepherd dogs pituitary dwarfism is known as an autosomal recessive inherited abnormality. To investigate whether the function of cells other than the somatotropes may also be impaired in this disease, the secretory capacity of the pituitary anterior lobe (AL) cells was studied by a combined pituitary AL stimulation test with four releasing hormones (4RH test) in four male and four female German shepherd dwarfs. In addition, the morphology of the pituitary was investigated by computed tomography. The physical features of the eight German shepherd dwarfs were primarily characterized by growth retardation and stagnant development of the hair coat. The results of the 4RH test confirmed the presence of hyposomatotropism. The basal plasma TSH and prolactin concentrations were also low and did not change upon stimulation. Basal plasma concentrations of LH were relatively low and responded only slightly to suprapituitary stimulation. With respect to the plasma FSH levels there was a clear gender difference. In the males plasma FSH concentrations remained below the detection limit throughout the 4RH test, whereas in the females the basal plasma FSH levels were slightly lower and there was only a small increase following suprapituitary stimulation, compared with the values in age-matched controls. In contrast, basal and stimulated plasma ACTH concentrations did not differ between the dwarfs and the controls. Computed tomography of the pituitary fossa revealed a normal sized pituitary with cysts in five dogs, an enlarged pituitary with cysts in two dogs, and a small pituitary gland without cysts in the remaining dog. The results of this study demonstrate that German shepherd dwarfs have a combined deficiency of GH, TSH, and prolactin together with impaired release of gonadotropins, whereas ACTH secretion is preserved. The combined pituitary hormone deficiency is associated with cyst formation and pituitary hypoplasia.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Creatinine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Function Tests; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Progesterone; Prolactin; Radioimmunoassay; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 11064220
DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(00)00074-6