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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the most commonly affected pituitary hormone in childhood with a prevalence of 1 in 4000-10000 live births. GH stimulation testing... (Review)
Review
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the most commonly affected pituitary hormone in childhood with a prevalence of 1 in 4000-10000 live births. GH stimulation testing (GHST) is commonly used in the diagnostic workup of GHD. However, GHD can be diagnosed in some clinical conditions without the need of GHST. The diagnosis of GHD in newborns does not require stimulation testing. Likewise infants/children with delayed growth and/or short stature associated with neuroradiological abnormalities and one or more additional pituitary hormone deficiencies may not need GHST. This review summarizes the current evidence on the diagnosis of GHD without stimulation tests.
Topics: Child; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Infant, Newborn; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 35250894
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.853290 -
Neurology India 2014To study the dynamic changes of pituitary hormones in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to correlate the severity and neurological outcome.
OBJECTIVE
To study the dynamic changes of pituitary hormones in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to correlate the severity and neurological outcome.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Dynamic changes in the pituitary hormones were evaluated in 164 patients with TBI on day-1, day-7, day-14, day-21, and day-28 post injury. Admission TBI severity and long-term outcome were assessed with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score. The pituitary hormonal changes were correlated with TBI severity and outcome.
RESULTS
Of the 164 patients included in the study, pituitary dysfunction was found in 84 patients and in the remaining 80 patients pituitary function was normal. Most of the pituitary hormone deficiencies observed resolved over time; however, a significant proportion of patients had pituitary dysfunction at one month post injury. The hormones associated with poor outcome included growth hormone, thyrotropic hormone, and gonadotropic hormone.
CONCLUSION
Dynamic changes of pituitary hormones in patients with TBI may reflect the severity of injury and also determine the outcome. Deficiency of growth hormone, gonadotropic hormone, and thyrotropic hormone can adversely affect neurological outcome.
Topics: Adult; Brain Injuries; Female; Glasgow Coma Scale; Glasgow Outcome Scale; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Outcome Assessment; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Hormones; Severity of Illness Index; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 25033850
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.136922 -
Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER Jan 2009Hypopituitarism results from the inability of the pituitary gland to make sufficient levels of more than one of the following hormones: adrenocorticotrophic hormone,... (Review)
Review
Hypopituitarism results from the inability of the pituitary gland to make sufficient levels of more than one of the following hormones: adrenocorticotrophic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and growth hormone (GH). While growth retardation is a symptom of GH deficiency in children, hypogonadism usually presents with the complete lack of puberty or a delayed onset with incomplete pubertal development. Although the goal of therapy is to simulate normal pubertal development as closely as possible, multiple approaches have been used to attain this goal. This review addresses the main factors that need to be considered when initiating sex steroid replacement in pubertal age patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency and offers some insight into newer treatment options.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Body Height; Child; Estrogens; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypogonadism; Hypopituitarism; Male; Pituitary Hormones; Puberty; Testosterone; Young Adult
PubMed: 19337185
DOI: No ID Found -
Fertility and Sterility Aug 1981Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing...
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit were determined in 30 patients with pituitary and parasellar tumors. Although many of the patients had elevated hormone levels, no differentiation between patients with intrasellar tumors and those with pituitary tumors with suprasellar extension or primary suprasellar tumors could be made based upon the absolute CSF hormone concentration. A highly significant correlation between serum and CSF PRL concentrations was found (r = 0.87; P less than 0.001), suggesting that CSF PRL is derived from the serum. No correlation was found between the serum and CSF concentrations of the other anterior pituitary hormones.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Brain Neoplasms; Child, Preschool; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Pituitary Neoplasms; Pneumoencephalography; Prolactin; Sella Turcica; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 6266883
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45673-6 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 1991Several monokines, proteins secreted by monocytes and macrophages, alter release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. We report here the ability of femtomolar...
Several monokines, proteins secreted by monocytes and macrophages, alter release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. We report here the ability of femtomolar concentrations of interleukin 2 (IL-2), a lymphokine released from T lymphocytes, to alter directly pituitary hormone release. The effects of concentrations of IL-2 ranging from 10(-17) to 10(-9) M on anterior pituitary hormone release were evaluated in vitro. Hemipituitaries were preincubated in 1 ml of Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) followed by incubation for 1 or 2 hr with KRB or KRB containing different concentrations of IL-2. This was followed by incubation for 30 min in 56 mM potassium medium to study the effect of pretreatment with IL-2 on subsequent depolarization-induced hormone release. Prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), corticotropin (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), and thyrotropic hormone (TSH) released into the incubation medium were measured by radioimmunoassay. IL-2 stimulated the basal release of PRL at 1 or 2 hr but suppressed the subsequent depolarization-induced PRL release, perhaps because the readily releasable pool of PRL was exhausted. The minimal effective dose (MED) was 10(-15) M. Conversely, IL-2 significantly suppressed the basal release of LH and FSH at 1 or 2 hr, with a MED of 10(-16) M, thus demonstrating a reciprocal action of the cytokine on lactotrophs and gonadotrophs. The subsequent depolarization-induced release of LH and FSH was suppressed, indicative of a persistent inhibitory action of IL-2. IL-2 stimulated ACTH and TSH release at 1 hr and the MEDs were 10(-12) and 10(-15) M, respectively. Conversely, IL-2 significantly lowered the basal release of GH at 1 hr, with a MED of 10(-15) M. The release of GH was not altered at 2 hr. The high potassium-induced release of ACTH, TSH, and GH was not affected. The results demonstrate that IL-2 at picomolar concentrations affects the release of anterior pituitary hormones. This cytokine may serve as an important messenger from lymphocytes exerting a direct paracrine action on the pituitary by its release from lymphocytes in the gland or concentrations in the blood that reach the gland may be sufficient to activate it.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; In Vitro Techniques; Interleukin-2; Kinetics; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Prolactin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Recombinant Proteins; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 1849283
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2961 -
Current Opinion in Endocrinology,... Dec 2009Embedded within textbooks for decades is the hard fact that releasing hormones from the anterior pituitary, namely, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Embedded within textbooks for decades is the hard fact that releasing hormones from the anterior pituitary, namely, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulate master hormone secretion from target endocrine organs. We propose a paradigm shift in endocrine physiology, which is that these hormones act by design on bone directly, also now considered an endocrine organ.
RECENT FINDINGS
Complementary investigations using mouse genetic and cell biological approaches reveal that follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone act on bone cells directly to regulate bone remodeling and bone mass. Thyroid-stimulating hormone inhibits bone remodeling, whereas follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates it. We also find that the posterior pituitary hormone oxytocin is anabolic to the skeleton.
SUMMARY
An ambitious extrapolation is that a plurality of pituitary hormones acts in concert as part of a 'pituitary-bone' axis to regulate skeletal integrity in health and disease. When dysregulated master hormone levels during hypogonadism and hyperthyroidism cause altered pituitary hormone secretion through hypothalamic feedback, the latter hormones contribute to the skeletal loss.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Endocrine System; Humans; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 19816170
DOI: 10.1097/MED.0b013e3283328aee -
Clinical Endocrinology Jan 1998The relationship between the pineal gland and pituitary function remains controversial, while the role of melatonin in the adaptation of the organism to the light-dark... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
OBJECTIVE
The relationship between the pineal gland and pituitary function remains controversial, while the role of melatonin in the adaptation of the organism to the light-dark cycle of the environment is becoming increasingly recognized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a manipulation of the melatonin rhythm on pituitary hormone secretion in man.
DESIGN
Double-blind controlled clinical study.
SUBJECTS
Ten adult healthy male volunteers, aged 21-33 years, were studied on two occasions: once after the administration of melatonin 5 mg orally for 4 days at 1700 hours and once after the administration of placebo, at similar times. On the day of each study the subjects undertook their normal duties but refrained from taking heavy exercise, from smoking and drinking alcohol.
MEASUREMENTS
Serum cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin and plasma vasopressin, oxytocin, melatonin, sodium, potassium, osmolality and packed cell volume were measured over the following 24 hours.
RESULTS
The cortisol peak was advanced and prolactin release increased after melatonin administration, while growth hormone was not affected. Vasopressin and oxytocin levels were found to increase during the night in the control study, but the period of the nocturnal increase in vasopressin concentrations was reduced after the administration of melatonin and the nocturnal increase of oxytocin was absent.
CONCLUSION
Altering the melatonin rhythm may affect neuroendocrine function, influencing the nocturnal pattern of neurohypophysial hormone secretion, augmenting prolactin release and advancing the peak of cortisol release.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Circadian Rhythm; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Melatonin; Oxytocin; Pituitary Gland, Posterior; Pituitary Hormones; Prolactin; Vasopressins
PubMed: 9509065
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00341.x -
Acta Neurochirurgica 2000Cavernous sinus sampling in patients with adreno-corticotropic-hormone (ACTH) secreting pituitary adenomas has been used to identify directly ACTH hypersecretion from...
OBJECTIVE
Cavernous sinus sampling in patients with adreno-corticotropic-hormone (ACTH) secreting pituitary adenomas has been used to identify directly ACTH hypersecretion from the pituitary and to predict the lateralization of a microadenoma. In our previous series, cavernous sinus sampling provided a sufficient central/peripheral (c/p) ratio of ACTH and the correct laterality of the pituitary lesion in all microadenomas situated in the lateral wing. To clarify the diagnostic value of other anterior pituitary hormones in relation to ACTH gradients, we evaluated multiple pituitary hormone gradients between a cavernous sinus and a peripheral vein and between both cavernous sinuses in patients with Cushing's disease.
METHODS
Cavernous sinus sampling was done in 11 patients with clinical and biochemical features of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. In 9, pituitary adenoma was detected during trans-sphenoidal surgery and histologically confirmed, while 2 others were suspected of having ectopic lesions. Serum ACTH, prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from catheters in both cavernous sinuses and from a peripheral vein were measured. The c/p ratios of each hormone and the intercavernous gradients were evaluated.
RESULTS
The c/p ratio of ACTH indicated the presense of pituitary lesions in all 9 patients with ACTH-secreting microadenomas. In addition, the intercavernous gradients of ACTH indicated the correct localization of microadenomas in all 6 patients with lateralized lesions. As for other hormones, the c/p ratios of GH, PRL, TSH and LH were significantly high in number 7, 6, 6 and 3 patients, respectively. In contrast, the significant step up of FSH was observed only in one patient. The intercavernous gradients of GH and PRL were significantly high in number 5 and 4 patients, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The intercavernous gradients of GH and PRL tend to indicate the lateralization of a microadenoma. The measurement of GH and PRL during cavernous sinus sampling may provide additional information, in the lateralization of ACTH-secreting microadenomas.
Topics: Adenoma; Adolescent; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Cavernous Sinus; Cushing Syndrome; Female; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Hormones; Pituitary Neoplasms; Prolactin
PubMed: 11214626
DOI: 10.1007/s007010070002 -
Peptides Nov 2009To date, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) has been generally considered as peptide acting almost exclusively in the central nervous system. In the present paper, we... (Review)
Review
To date, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) has been generally considered as peptide acting almost exclusively in the central nervous system. In the present paper, we revise the experimental evidence, demonstrating that MCH and its receptors are expressed by cells of the immune system and directly influence the response of these cells in some circumstances. This therefore supports the idea that, as with other peptides, MCH could be considered as a modulator of the immune system. Moreover, we suggest that this could have important implications in several immune-mediated disorders and affirm that there is a clear need for further investigation.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Humans; Hypothalamic Hormones; Immune System; Inflammation; Lymphocytes; Melanins; Pituitary Hormones; Receptors, Pituitary Hormone
PubMed: 19450627
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.05.004 -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 2004Advances in molecular biology have led to the identification of mutations within several novel genes associated with the phenotype of isolated growth hormone deficiency,... (Review)
Review
Advances in molecular biology have led to the identification of mutations within several novel genes associated with the phenotype of isolated growth hormone deficiency, combined pituitary hormone deficiency, and syndromes such as septo-optic dysplasia. Progress has also been made in terms of the optimum diagnosis of disorders of stature and their treatment. The use of growth hormone for the treatment of adults with growth hormone deficiency and conditions such as Turner's syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, intrauterine growth restriction, and chronic renal failure has changed the practice of endocrinology, although cost-benefit implications remain to be established.
Topics: Animals; Body Height; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Growth; Growth Disorders; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Mutation; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 15194259
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16413-1