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Zoological Science Sep 2002Growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and somatolactin (SL) are members of a pituitary hormone family that are believed to have evolved from a common ancestral gene by...
Growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and somatolactin (SL) are members of a pituitary hormone family that are believed to have evolved from a common ancestral gene by duplication and subsequent divergence. Since these hormones are found both in bony fish and cartilaginous fish, their ancestral form(s) should be present in the Agnatha. Thus, although there is no convincing evidence that the lamprey pituitary secretes GH or PRL, GH- and/or PRL-like immunoreactivity was examined in the pituitary of adult sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), using antibodies to GHs, PRLs and SL of mammalian and/or fish origins. Our initial attempt with ordinary immunohistochemical procedures failed to detect any positive reactions in the lamprey pituitary. Following the hydrated autoclave pretreatment of the sections, anti-salmon GH, anti-salmon PRL and anti-blue shark GH gave positive reactions in most cells distributed in the dorsal half of the proximal pars distalis. These results suggest that the material immunoreactive to those antibodies is related, to some extent, to GH/PRL, but enhancement of immunoreactivity to reveal this by the hydrated autoclave pretreatment of sections is needed due to low crossreactivity. The similarity of the topographic distributions within the pituitary between lampreys and teleosts suggests that lamprey GH/PRL-like cells are GH cells of the lamprey.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Antibodies; Female; Fish Proteins; Glycoproteins; Growth Hormone; Immunohistochemistry; Lampreys; Male; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones; Prolactin
PubMed: 12362060
DOI: 10.2108/zsj.19.1055 -
Neuro Endocrinology Letters Mar 2009Bombesin and related peptides are widely distributed in gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. It has been reported that they play an important role in the... (Review)
Review
Bombesin and related peptides are widely distributed in gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. It has been reported that they play an important role in the control of appetite, metabolism, sensory transmission and thermoregulation as well as in the regulation of pituitary hormone release. Central injection of these peptides leads to inhibition of feeding. There are controversial opinions about the effects of bombesin on pituitary hormone secretion both in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Topics: Animals; Bombesin; Energy Metabolism; Homeostasis; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 19300403
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Dec 1983
Topics: Humans; Pituitary Function Tests; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Pituitary Hormones; Radioimmunoassay
PubMed: 6416570
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.287.6407.1738 -
Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism Mar 1982Growth hormone deficiency embraces a heterogeneous group of disorders with multiple aetiologies. The biggest single division is between those children whose growth... (Review)
Review
Growth hormone deficiency embraces a heterogeneous group of disorders with multiple aetiologies. The biggest single division is between those children whose growth hormone deficiency is due to a structural lesion and those where it is not. In both cases other pituitary hormones may, or may not, be affected, although when a structural lesion is present multiple pituitary hormone deficiency is the rule rather than the exception. In the absence of structural lesions the pathogenesis of the condition in still largely obscure, although some mechanisms, such as cranial irradiation, are now well recognized. Birth trauma is also now a strong candidate as a predisposing factor. The prevalence of growth hormone deficiency is still uncertain, but is probably about 1 in 4000 live births. The clinical features of growth hormone deficiency are usually fairly clear, with short stature, low growth velocity, excess subcutaneous fat and delayed skeletal maturation being the principal clinical features. Laboratory investigation still largely depends upon the assessment of pituitary growth hormone secretion in response to a variety of provocation tests and is still in many ways unsatisfactory. Treatment consists of parenteral growth hormone replacement using material of human cadaveric origin. Non-primate growth hormones are of no value. Other endocrine abnormalities, when present, are treated appropriately, and with early diagnosis and optimal therapy the height prognosis is reasonably good. The principal aims for the future must be to ensure supplies of therapeutic growth hormone, improve some of the diagnostic procedures and ensure early ascertainment.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Height; Child; Child, Preschool; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Diagnosis, Differential; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Disorders; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Infant; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Pituitary Hormones; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 6807584
DOI: 10.1016/s0300-595x(82)80035-2 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Nov 2006This review documents the remarkable progress over the last 50 years of our knowledge of the control of anterior pituitary hormone release and synthesis by a family of... (Review)
Review
This review documents the remarkable progress over the last 50 years of our knowledge of the control of anterior pituitary hormone release and synthesis by a family of peptidic releasing and inhibiting hormones, synthesized in hypothalamic neurons and released into the hypophysial portal vessels. These vessels transport them to the anterior pituitary, where they stimulate release and synthesis of pituitary hormones or inhibit these processes. In general, there are at least two hypothalamic hormones for each pituitary hormone-vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) for adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GIH) for growth hormone (GH). Some of these hormones have extrapituitary action: for example, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulates mating behavior. High doses of LHRH have an inhibitory action on the growth of prostate cancer. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines act not only in the brain, but also on the pituitary and peripheral tissues. All of these transmitters are controlled by neuronal transmitters. We anticipate further rapid progress and clinical application of these transmitters and the discovery of new ones.
Topics: Animals; Endocrinology; Humans; Neuroimmunomodulation; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior
PubMed: 17192552
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1366.010 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Nov 1984Addition of gonadotropin releasing hormone to cultures of fetal rat pituitary induced differentiation of lactotropes as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Antiserum to...
Addition of gonadotropin releasing hormone to cultures of fetal rat pituitary induced differentiation of lactotropes as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Antiserum to luteinizing hormone (LH) (recognizing native LH), but not antiserum to LH-beta (recognizing both native LH and its beta subunit), inhibited this induction. Further addition of highly purified LH-alpha subunit in culture medium also induced lactotrope differentiation. Thus, the alpha subunit may have a specific biological activity of its own with probable practical use in clinical investigations.
Topics: Animals; Fetus; Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Peptide Fragments; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Rats
PubMed: 6208610
DOI: 10.1126/science.6208610 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Jan 1986The present study was designed to investigate pituitary hormone responses to a kappa-opiate receptor agonist in man. Normal men were given the racemic benzomorphan...
The present study was designed to investigate pituitary hormone responses to a kappa-opiate receptor agonist in man. Normal men were given the racemic benzomorphan kappa-agonist MR 2033 or its levorotatory isomer MR 2034 iv. Plasma levels of PRL and GH markedly increased after injection of 3.5 micrograms/kg MR 2033 or 1.9 or 3.8 micrograms/kg MR 2034. These effects of MR 2033 were blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone (10 mg), thereby demonstrating their mediation by opiate receptors. The kappa-agonist did not change plasma levels of LH and FSH. The secretion of TSH was significantly suppressed by MR 2033 and MR 2034, but this action was not antagonized by pretreatment with naloxone. The suppression of plasma TSH was, however, stereospecific since the (+)-isomer, MR 2035, did not affect TSH secretion. These data indicate that kappa-opiate receptors are located on neuronal pathways regulating GH, TSH, and PRL secretion. The pattern of pituitary responses elicited by the kappa-agonist differs from that of mu-opioid agonists, indicating differential endocrine functions for the endogenous agonists.
Topics: Adult; Benzomorphans; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Humans; Kinetics; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Morphinans; Naloxone; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Prolactin; Reference Values; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 3079599
DOI: 10.1210/jcem-62-1-181 -
Pituitary Mar 2012There are scant prospective studies defining improvements in critical outcome measures with hormone replacement in hypopituitarism secondary to brain injury. We review... (Review)
Review
There are scant prospective studies defining improvements in critical outcome measures with hormone replacement in hypopituitarism secondary to brain injury. We review the tests of cognition and physical function and summarize their use for subjects that are deficient in anterior hormone production during anterior pituitary hormone replacement in brain injury and propose these as the minimal tests that are feasible for a physician to perform in a clinical setting. We summarize the studies conducted to assess outcome measures after brain injury and also report preliminary findings for improvements in cognition and physical function in subjects with brain injury and GH deficiency.
Topics: Brain Injuries; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 18594990
DOI: 10.1007/s11102-008-0133-3 -
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology &... May 2001Pituitary height, volume and morphology were investigated by MRI in patients aged 3.5-24.9 years with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in relation to birth history and...
Diagnostic value of pituitary MRI in differentiation of children with normal growth hormone secretion, isolated growth hormone deficiency and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency.
Pituitary height, volume and morphology were investigated by MRI in patients aged 3.5-24.9 years with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in relation to birth history and hormonal findings. Three groups with comparable age, sex and pubertal stage were studied: group I (n=42)--patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD); group II (n=22)-- patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD); and group III (n=30)--healthy controls. Pituitary height and volume differed significantly between the three groups, with the smallest in group II and largest in group III (p <0.001 for both). Both variables correlated significantly with peak GH value in the patient groups (p <0.001). The specificity of pituitary dysmorphology in the determination of GHD was 100% and its sensitivity in differentiation of IGHD and MPHD was 95%. Ectopic neurohypophysis was present in 75% of breech births and 27% of head-presenting patients (p <0.01). This study emphasizes the differential diagnostic value of pituitary MRI and its contribution to the understanding of the pathogenesis and prognosis in GHD.
Topics: Adolescent; Breech Presentation; Child; Choristoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Labor Presentation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Organ Size; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Gland, Posterior; Pituitary Hormones; Pregnancy; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 11393572
DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2001.14.5.517 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Jan 1973The molecular structures of several polypeptides isolated from hypothalamic tissue have been established and the synthesis of these compounds has been achieved. These... (Review)
Review
The molecular structures of several polypeptides isolated from hypothalamic tissue have been established and the synthesis of these compounds has been achieved. These polypeptides selectively stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Various studies indicate their important physiological role and support the concept that some of these polypeptides are hormones. Some synthetic hypothalamic hormones and their derivatives may find important clinical and veterinary applications.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Cattle; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Cricetinae; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Haplorhini; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Luteinizing Hormone; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones; Molecular Conformation; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Prolactin; Rabbits; Rats; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
PubMed: 4345570
DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4071.341