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Biochemical Pharmacology Oct 1987Pivampicillin treatment of seven children (five boys and two girls) for 7 days significantly reduced the amounts of total acid-soluble carnitine, free carnitine, and...
Pivampicillin treatment of seven children (five boys and two girls) for 7 days significantly reduced the amounts of total acid-soluble carnitine, free carnitine, and long-chain acylcarnitines and increased the amounts of acid-soluble acylcarnitine in plasma. The fasting plasma levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate at the end of treatment were 15% of the control value. The levels of free fatty acids were decreased, whereas triglyceride levels were unaffected, indicating impaired fat metabolism. Daily urinary excretion of total carnitine was four to five times higher than controls after the first day of treatment, although the amounts of free carnitine and acetylcarnitine were decreased. The urinary acylcarnitines were isolated and characterized by gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Pivaloylcarnitine was the predominant urinary acylcarnitine; it represented greater than 96% of the increased excretion of total carnitine and 75-80% of the total conjugated pivalic acid. The renal clearance of acylcarnitines was comparable to that of creatinine, indicating no reabsorption of pivaloylcarnitine. These data suggest a detoxification function of carnitine for pivalic acid in humans.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adolescent; Ampicillin; Carnitine; Child; Female; Humans; Kidney; Male; Pentanoic Acids; Pivampicillin
PubMed: 3675603
DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90318-2 -
The Veterinary Quarterly 1996Pivampicillin was administered as an oral paste to five healthy adult horses, and an oral paste with ampicillin trihydrate was administered to three horses.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Pivampicillin was administered as an oral paste to five healthy adult horses, and an oral paste with ampicillin trihydrate was administered to three horses. Pivampicillin was administered to both starved and fed horses, ampicillin trihydrate was administered to fed horses only. The dose of pivampicillin was 19.9 mg/kg, and the dose of ampicillin trihydrate was 17 mg/kg. Both doses are equivalent on a molecular basis to 15 mg/kg ampicillin. Ampicillin concentrations in plasma were determined up to 24 hours after administration. After administration of pivampicillin to starved and fed horses the mean areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCs) were 23.0 and 19.3 micrograms.h.ml-1, respectively. After administration of ampicillin trihydrate to fed horses the mean AUC was 0.7 microgram.h.ml-1. The peak plasma concentrations were 4.8, 6.7, and 0.1 microgram/ml, after administration of pivampicillin to starved and fed horses and of ampicillin trihydrate to fed horses, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in peak plasma concentration or AUC between pivampicillin administered to starved or fed horses. It is concluded that pivampicillin administered as an oral paste at a dose of 19.9 mg/kg gives satisfactory plasma concentrations in both starved and fed horses, whereas ampicillin trihydrate produces negligible plasma concentrations. Pivampicillin binds to feedstuffs at the pH found in the horse's stomach and small intestine. After incubation for 6 h at pH 6, approximately 15% remains in solution, and after incubation for 3 h at pH 1.9, approximately 40% remains in solution. Ampicillin, which binds to feedstuffs to a lesser extent, has a lower bioavailability than pivampicillin. Therefore, binding to feedstuffs does not seem to be a critical factor in the absorption of aminopenicillins.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Intestine, Small; Male; Ointments; Penicillins; Pivampicillin; Stomach
PubMed: 8933688
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Jul 1974
Comparative Study
Topics: Administration, Oral; Ampicillin; Bacillus subtilis; Biological Assay; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Half-Life; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney; Kinetics; Male; Prisoners; Time Factors; Valerates
PubMed: 4210515
DOI: 10.1002/cpt1974161part135 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Oct 1991Fifty Helicobacter pylori- (H. pylori) positive patients entered an open study and were assigned to one of four treatment regimens comprising: pivampicillin (500 mg...
Fifty Helicobacter pylori- (H. pylori) positive patients entered an open study and were assigned to one of four treatment regimens comprising: pivampicillin (500 mg b.d.) for 2 weeks +/- tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (tablet or liquid form) for one month. The 14C-urea breath test was used to evaluate clearance (negative at the end of treatment) and eradication (negative at 1 month post-treatment) of H. pylori. Clearance rates were 20% (2/10) after pivampicillin alone, 86% (12/14) after tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate tablets (240 mg b.d.) plus pivampicillin, 67% (6/9) after tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate tablets (120 mg q.d.s.) plus pivampicillin, and 100% (13/13) after tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate liquid (120 mg in 5 ml q.d.s) plus pivampicillin. The eradication rates were 0% (0/10), 13% (2/15), 0% (0/11) and 54% (7/13), respectively. Combination of the results from the 2 tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate tablet/pivampicillin groups gave an eradication rate of 7.7% (2/26) which was significantly lower than the 53.9% (7/13) obtained with tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate liquid/pivampicillin (P less than 0.02). In conclusion, a liquid tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate pivampicillin combination may be of special use in the treatment of H. pylori-positive patients when triple therapy is contraindicated (e.g. patient sensitivity/allergy to metronidazole) or when the H. pylori isolate is resistant to metronidazole.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Pivampicillin
PubMed: 1793785
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00523.x -
Acta Oto-laryngologica Nov 1972
Clinical Trial
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Child; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Ephedrine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Middle Aged; Nausea; Pain; Placebos; Propionates; Sinusitis; Time Factors; Urticaria
PubMed: 4565339
DOI: 10.3109/00016487209128466 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Apr 2010Genital chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in developed countries. In women, infection occurs most commonly between... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Genital chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in developed countries. In women, infection occurs most commonly between the ages of 16 and 19 years.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of antibiotic treatment for men and non-pregnant women with uncomplicated genital chlamydial infection?What are the effects of antibiotic treatment for pregnant women with uncomplicated genital chlamydial infection? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to September 2009 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 24 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, lymecycline, minocycline, ofloxacin, pivampicillin, rifampicin, roxithromycin, sparfloxacin, tetracycline, and trovafloxacin.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Azithromycin; Chlamydia; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythromycin; Humans
PubMed: 21718568
DOI: No ID Found -
Genitourinary Medicine Aug 1985Pivampicillin was used to treat urogenital colonisation with Chlamydia trachomatis in 41 women and 24 men who yielded chlamydiae but not gonococci. They were treated for...
Pivampicillin was used to treat urogenital colonisation with Chlamydia trachomatis in 41 women and 24 men who yielded chlamydiae but not gonococci. They were treated for 10 days. All but one patient gave negative chlamydia cultures 10 days after the start of treatment, and all 65 patients gave negative results at the second examination seven days later. Ten days of treatment with pivampicillin seems to be the optimum to eradicate C trachomatis from the lower genital tract in man.
Topics: Ampicillin; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Pivampicillin
PubMed: 4018807
DOI: 10.1136/sti.61.4.264 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Jun 2008Genital chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in resource-rich countries. In women, infection occurs most commonly between... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Genital chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in resource-rich countries. In women, infection occurs most commonly between the ages of 16 and 19 years.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of antibiotic treatment in men, non-pregnant women, and pregnant women with uncomplicated genital chlamydia infection? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to January 2007 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 24 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, lymecycline, minocycline, ofloxacin, pivampicillin, rifampicin, roxithromycin, sparfloxacin, tetracycline, and trovafloxacin.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Azithromycin; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Doxycycline; Erythromycin; Humans
PubMed: 19450291
DOI: No ID Found -
Lancet (London, England) Aug 1989Short-term administration of pivampicillin and pivmecillinam resulted in a reduction of serum carnitine concentration and an increase in excretion of acylcarnitine in...
Short-term administration of pivampicillin and pivmecillinam resulted in a reduction of serum carnitine concentration and an increase in excretion of acylcarnitine in urine. These changes persisted for more than ten days after cessation of therapy. In seven girls on long-term treatment with a mixture of pivampicillin and pivmecillinam the mean total serum carnitine concentration fell to 15% (7-27%) of pretreatment values. The acylcarnitine fraction was 11-57% of total carnitine, compared with less than 2% before treatment. Muscle carnitine concentrations in two girls treated with the antibiotics for 22 and 30 months were only 10% of the mean reference value. These concentrations in serum and muscle are in the range encountered in patients with carnitine deficiencies of other aetiologies in which life-threatening metabolic crises may arise. The risk of adverse effects from prodrugs that give rise to pivalic acid should be seriously considered, particularly in patients under metabolic stress.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amdinocillin; Amdinocillin Pivoxil; Ampicillin; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Muscles; Pentanoic Acids; Pivampicillin; Time Factors; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 2570185
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92086-2 -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) May 1988Prodrugs are pharmacologically inert and nontoxic chemical compounds which are transformed in vivo into pharmacologically and therapeutically active compounds, i.e.... (Review)
Review
Prodrugs are pharmacologically inert and nontoxic chemical compounds which are transformed in vivo into pharmacologically and therapeutically active compounds, i.e. drugs. Prodrugs are used to solve problems which cannot be solved by the drugs themselves. There are three types of problems: problems arising before the drug enters the body (solubilization, stabilization and improved acceptability); problems associated with the penetration and fate of the drug in the body (absorption, barrier crossing, duration of action); problems relating to the therapeutic target (selective local delivery). The principal prodrugs that solve these problems and the mechanisms of the solutions they provide are described and discussed.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Ampicillin; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Agents; Azacitidine; Blood-Brain Barrier; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Drug Resistance; Injections, Intramuscular; Intestinal Absorption; Liver; Molsidomine; Pivampicillin; Prodrugs; Sulindac
PubMed: 2455887
DOI: No ID Found