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Medical Hypotheses Jan 2009
Topics: Humans; Physician-Patient Relations; Placebo Effect; Truth Disclosure
PubMed: 18938043
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.011 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) May 2008
Topics: Humans; Placebo Effect; Placebos
PubMed: 18483028
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39577.515775.3A -
Pediatric Research Jul 2013Of more than 155,000 PubMed citations found with the search term "placebo," only ~9,000 (5.8%) included the terms "children" or "adolescents." When all these papers were... (Review)
Review
Of more than 155,000 PubMed citations found with the search term "placebo," only ~9,000 (5.8%) included the terms "children" or "adolescents." When all these papers were screened, only ~2,000 of them investigated the placebo effect per se, and of those, only ~50 (2.5%) discussed the placebo effect in children and adolescents. In this narrative review, we explore four aspects of the placebo response in children and adolescents: (i) the legal and ethical limitations and restrictions for the inclusion of children in clinical trials as well as in experimental (placebo) research that may explain the poor knowledge base; (ii) the question of whether or not the placebo effect is larger in children and adolescents as compared with adults; (iii) whether the mechanisms underlying the placebo effect are similar between children and adults; and (iv) whether mediators and moderators of the placebo effect are comparable between children and adults. We finally discuss some of the consequences from the current placebo research in adults that may affect both experimental and clinical research in children and adolescents.
Topics: Adult; Child; Ethics; Humans; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 23598811
DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.66 -
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics Jan 2022The widespread use of the word 'placebo' in the medical literature emphasizes the importance of this phenomenon in modern biomedical sciences. Neuroscientific research...
INTRODUCTION
The widespread use of the word 'placebo' in the medical literature emphasizes the importance of this phenomenon in modern biomedical sciences. Neuroscientific research over the past thirty years shows that placebo effects are genuine psychobiological events attributable to the overall therapeutic context, and can be robust in both laboratory and clinical settings.
AREAS COVERED
Here the authors describe the biological mechanisms and the clinical implications of placebo effects with particular emphasis on neurology and psychiatry, for example in pain, movement disorders, depression. In these conditions, a number of endogenous systems have been identified, such as endogenous opioids, endocannabinoids, and dopamine, which contribute to the placebo-induced benefit.
EXPERT OPINION
Every effort should be made to maximize the placebo effect and reduce its evil twin, the nocebo effect, in medical practice. This does not require the administration of a placebo, but rather the enhancement of the effects of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments through a good doctor-patient interaction.
Topics: Humans; Nocebo Effect; Pain; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 34845956
DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2012156 -
International Review of Neurobiology 2018The placebo and psychotherapy are both effective psychological interventions. Next to being characterized by their own and specific controversies and debates, there is a... (Review)
Review
The placebo and psychotherapy are both effective psychological interventions. Next to being characterized by their own and specific controversies and debates, there is a persistent-and least for psychotherapy-looming notion that these two interventions share more than just the first letter. Based on Grünbaum's influential conceptualization of placebo, this chapter critically reviews both the time-honored claim that psychotherapy is a placebo as well as the argument that the placebo concept does not translate to psychotherapy. We conclude that there is an unwanted proximity between these two interventions and that empirical attempts to separate the "wheat from the chaff" in psychotherapy research face several distinctive challenges and thus are often methodologically comprised by the integrity of the placebo. However, drawing on recent, innovative research, we conclude that psychotherapy can be saved, i.e., shown to be distinct from the placebo, by employing study designs derived from the placebo research. We conclude that the placebo concept has profound implications for psychotherapy, psychotherapy research, and last but not least its ethical practice.
Topics: Humans; Placebo Effect; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 29681328
DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.01.013 -
Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied... Jun 2000
Review
Topics: Attitude to Health; Cognition; Health Status; Humans; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; Placebo Effect; Postoperative Period
PubMed: 10944049
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2273.2000.00359.x -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Jan 2015Knowledge of placebo and nocebo effects is essential to identify their influence on the results in clinical practice and clinical trials, and thereby properly interpret... (Review)
Review
Knowledge of placebo and nocebo effects is essential to identify their influence on the results in clinical practice and clinical trials, and thereby properly interpret their results. It is known that the gold standard of clinical trials research is the double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study. The objective of this review is to distinguish specific from non-specific effects, so that the presence of positive effects in the group that received placebo (placebo effect) and the presence of adverse effects in the group receiving placebo (nocebo effect) lead to confounding in interpreting the results. Placebo and nocebo effects have been considered in neurological diseases such as depression, pain, headache, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy. As placebo and nocebo effects are also present in clinical practice, the purpose of this review is to draw attention to their influence on neurological practice, calling attention to the development of measures that can minimize them.
Topics: Headache; Humans; Neuralgia; Neurology; Nocebo Effect; Placebo Effect; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 25608129
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X20140180 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Nov 1962Scopolamine hydrobromide disrupts the learned behavior of rats in a predictable manner. Physiological saline mimics to some extent the effect of the drug when the two...
Scopolamine hydrobromide disrupts the learned behavior of rats in a predictable manner. Physiological saline mimics to some extent the effect of the drug when the two substances are alternately administered in a series of injections. This placebo effect appears to be an instance of simple Pavlovian conditioning.
Topics: Animals; Conditioning, Classical; Learning; Placebo Effect; Placebos; Rats; Scopolamine
PubMed: 13954106
DOI: 10.1126/science.138.3541.677 -
The American Journal of Geriatric... Sep 2017
Topics: Behavioral Symptoms; Dementia; Humans; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 28522120
DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.04.010 -
Pain Oct 1992
Topics: Conditioning, Classical; Humans; Placebo Effect; Placebos; Research Design
PubMed: 1454391
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90002-S