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BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) May 2008
Topics: Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 18483023
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39577.518009.3A -
European Journal of Sport Science Apr 2020
Topics: Exercise; Humans; Placebo Effect; Research Design; Sports
PubMed: 32299310
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1757682 -
Advances in Therapy Oct 2021This commentary provides the authors' point of view about the biopsychosocial perspective of placebo effect on musculoskeletal pain in the rehabilitation field.
This commentary provides the authors' point of view about the biopsychosocial perspective of placebo effect on musculoskeletal pain in the rehabilitation field.
Topics: Exercise Therapy; Humans; Musculoskeletal Pain; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 34476754
DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01894-5 -
Integrative Cancer Therapies Dec 2002
Review
Topics: Depressive Disorder; Humans; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 14696631
DOI: 10.1177/153473540200100416 -
Medecine Sciences : M/S Mar 2005A placebo is a sham treatment such as pill, liquid, injection, devoid of biological activity and used in pharmacology as a control for the activity of a drug. In many... (Review)
Review
A placebo is a sham treatment such as pill, liquid, injection, devoid of biological activity and used in pharmacology as a control for the activity of a drug. In many cases, this placebo induces biological or psychological effects in the human. Two theories have been proposed to explain the placebo effect: the conditioning theory which states that the placebo effect is a conditioned response, and the mentalistic theory for which the patient expectation is the primary basis of the placebo effect. The mechanisms involved in these processes are beginning to be understood through new techniques of investigation in neuroscience. Dopamine and endorphins have been clearly involved as mediators of the placebo effect. Brain imaging has demonstrated that the placebo effect activates the brain similarly as the active drug and in the same brain area. This is the case for a dopamine placebo in the Parkinson'disease, for analgesic-caffeine- or antidepressor-placebo in the healthy subject. It remains to be understood how conditioning and expectancy are able to activate, in the brain, memory loops that reproduce the expected biological response.
Topics: Animals; Conditioning, Psychological; Humans; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 15745708
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2005213315 -
International Review of Neurobiology 2020The placebo effect is a widely recognized phenomenon in clinical research, with a negative perception that it could hide the "true" drug effect. In clinical care its... (Review)
Review
The placebo effect is a widely recognized phenomenon in clinical research, with a negative perception that it could hide the "true" drug effect. In clinical care its positive potential to increase known drug effects has been neglected for too long. The placebo and nocebo responses have been described in many neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases, restless leg syndrome, tics, essential tremor, dystonia, functional movement disorders, neuropathic pain, headaches, migraine, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. Knowledge regarding placebo mechanisms and their consequences on clinical outcome have greatly improved over the last two decades. This evolution has led to reconsiderations of the importance of placebo response in the clinic and has given several clues on how to improve it in daily practice. In this chapter, we first illustrate "why," e.g. the reasons (relevance to clinical practice, help in differential diagnosis/treatment of psychogenic movements, clinical impact, proven neurobiological grounds, health economic potential), and "how," e.g. the means (increase patients' knowledge, increase learning, improve patient-doctor relationship, increase Hawthorne effect, increase positive/decrease negative expectations (the Rosenthal effect), personalize placebo response), the placebo should be maximized (and nocebo avoided) in neurological clinical practice. Future studies regarding more specific neurobiological mechanisms will allow a finer tuning of placebo response in clinical practice. The use of placebo in clinical practice raises ethical issues, and a recent expert consensus regarding placebo use in the clinic is a first step to future guidelines necessary to this field.
Topics: Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Personality; Placebo Effect; Placebos
PubMed: 32563294
DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.04.003 -
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift May 2020The history of medicine and the history of placebo are closely intertwined. To understand placebo and its effects this article gives a brief overview about its history,... (Review)
Review
The history of medicine and the history of placebo are closely intertwined. To understand placebo and its effects this article gives a brief overview about its history, the possible mechanisms of action and its counterpart, nocebo.The Catholic Church used placebo around the sixteenth century for the separation from real and incorrect exorcisms, but it needed Henry Beecher during World War II to quantify the placebo effect as control arm in well-designed studies.Until today the different mechanisms of action of placebo remain poorly researched. Understanding them would allow its effect to be modulated to better serve in research and clinical settings. Expectation, psychosocial context and conditioning play a significant role in the effect size and amplitude.The counterpart, nocebo, is even less investigated, even it is commonly observed as adverse effects during medical treatments.Conclusion: Placebo and nocebo are both underestimated and underresearched in their value. Through further investigation doctors could strengthen the placebo response and prevent adverse effects to help their patients at low cost. These techniques would benefit the patient-doctor relationship, which is the alter of a trust-based successful therapy.
Topics: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Male; Nocebo Effect; Pain; Physician-Patient Relations; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 32211987
DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01626-9 -
Nursing Philosophy : An International... Jul 2017Nursing knowledge stems from a dynamic interplay between population-based scientific knowledge (the general) and specific clinical cases (the particular). We compared...
Nursing knowledge stems from a dynamic interplay between population-based scientific knowledge (the general) and specific clinical cases (the particular). We compared the 'cascade model of knowledge translation', also known as 'classical biomedical model' in clinical practice (in which knowledge gained at population level may be applied directly to a specific clinical context), with an emergentist model of knowledge translation. The structure and dynamics of nursing knowledge are outlined, adopting the distinction between epistemic and non-epistemic values. Then, a (moderately) emergentist approach to nursing knowledge is proposed, based on the assumption of a two-way flow from the general to the particular and vice versa. The case of the 'placebo effect' is analysed as an example of emergentist knowledge. The placebo effect is usually considered difficult to be explained within the classical biomedical model, and we underscore its importance in shaping nursing knowledge. In fact, nurses are primarily responsible for administering placebo in the clinical setting and have an essential role in promoting the placebo effect and reducing the nocebo effect. The beliefs responsible for the placebo effect are as follows: (1) interactive, because they depend on the relationship between patients and health care professionals; (2) situated, because they occur in a given clinical context related to certain rituals; and (3) grounded on higher order beliefs concerning what an individual thinks about the beliefs of others. It is essential to know the clinical context and to understand other people's beliefs to make sense of the placebo effect. The placebo effect only works when the (higher order) beliefs of doctors, nurses and patients interact in a given setting. Finally, we argue for a close relationship between placebo effect and nursing knowledge.
Topics: Humans; Knowledge; Nursing Theory; Placebo Effect; Translating
PubMed: 27374144
DOI: 10.1111/nup.12140 -
BMJ Open Oct 2023This review aimed to summarise the existing knowledge about placebo and nocebo effects associated with pharmacological interventions and their mechanisms. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This review aimed to summarise the existing knowledge about placebo and nocebo effects associated with pharmacological interventions and their mechanisms.
DESIGN
Umbrella review, adopting the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 tool for critical appraisal.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial were searched in September 2022, without any time restriction, for systematic reviews, narrative reviews, original articles. Results were summarised through narrative synthesis, tables, 95% CI.
OUTCOME MEASURES
Mechanisms underlying placebo/nocebo effects and/or their effect sizes.
RESULTS
The databases search identified 372 studies, for a total of 158 312 participants, comprising 41 systematic reviews, 312 narrative reviews and 19 original articles. Seventy-three per cent of the examined systematic reviews were of high quality.Our findings revealed that mechanisms underlying placebo and/or nocebo effects have been characterised, at least in part, for: pain, non-noxious somatic sensation, Parkinson's disease, migraine, sleep disorders, intellectual disability, depression, anxiety, dementia, addiction, gynaecological disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, immune and endocrine systems, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, influenza and related vaccines, oncology, obesity, physical and cognitive performance. Their magnitude ranged from 0.08 to 2.01 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.89) for placebo effects and from 0.32 to 0.90 (95% CI 0.24 to 1.00) for nocebo effects.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers, identifying both results ready for clinical practice and gaps to address in the near future.
FUNDING
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy with the 'Finanziamento Ponte 2022' grant.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42023392281.
Topics: Humans; Nocebo Effect; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Placebo Effect; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Anxiety
PubMed: 37848293
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077243 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Jun 2017
Topics: Crohn Disease; Humans; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 28474832
DOI: 10.1111/apt.14074