-
FASEB Journal : Official Publication of... Jun 1989The structure of the polypeptide chains and oligosaccharide moieties of the alpha and beta subunits of pituitary and placental glycoprotein hormones are known. The... (Review)
Review
The structure of the polypeptide chains and oligosaccharide moieties of the alpha and beta subunits of pituitary and placental glycoprotein hormones are known. The dimeric polypeptide structure (but not the carbohydrate) is important for binding of the hormone to specific receptors. The N-linked but not O-linked carbohydrates, on the other hand, are required in some manner to activate the effector system. Hormones with depleted carbohydrate content (deglycosylated hormones) interact with receptor but are unable to activate intracellular events. Because of such discordant properties, these forms act as competitive inhibitors of hormone action. Through a combination of chemical deglycosylation procedures and site-directed mutagenesis, the first site of N-glycosylation from the NH2 terminus of the common alpha subunit has been identified to be more critical for glycoprotein hormone signal transduction. Control of glycosylation by the endocrine milieu could contribute to regulation of hormone function by secreting variable forms of agonist/antagonist.
Topics: Animals; Carbohydrates; Cell Communication; Glycoproteins; Glycosylation; Humans; Mutation; Pituitary Hormones; Placental Hormones; Protein Conformation; Receptors, Cell Surface; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 2542111
DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.3.8.2542111 -
Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1989The role of human growth hormone (hGH) on placental hormone secretion at term was investigated in two in vitro models: placental explants and cultured trophoblastic... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The role of human growth hormone (hGH) on placental hormone secretion at term was investigated in two in vitro models: placental explants and cultured trophoblastic cells. Physiological concentrations of hGH caused a significant dose-dependent increase in placental lactogen and progesterone secretion. In the explant model it stimulated estradiol secretion. In order to determine whether this stimulatory effect on estradiol is exerted via aromatase, an isolated cell culture was utilized where androstenedione was supplied as substrate. In this model, hGH exerted a mild inhibitory effect. In conclusion, hGH at levels present in the fetal circulation exerts a significant stimulatory effect upon placental function as reflected by both peptide and steroid hormone production and secretion. The effect of estradiol secretion is the end result of an inhibitory effect on androgen aromatization and a stimulatory effect on earlier steps.
Topics: Androstenediols; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estradiol; Female; Growth Hormone; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors; Trophoblasts
PubMed: 2737546
DOI: 10.1159/000293640 -
Prenatal Diagnosis Dec 2009Placental growth hormone (PGH) is synthesised by the placenta, and its function is modulated by growth hormone binding protein (GHBP). The potential of PGH and GHBP as...
BACKGROUND
Placental growth hormone (PGH) is synthesised by the placenta, and its function is modulated by growth hormone binding protein (GHBP). The potential of PGH and GHBP as maternal serum screening markers for Down syndrome (DS) was examined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Maternal serum concentrations of PGH and GHBP were determined by ELISA in 74 DS and 261 control pregnancies in gestational week 8(+0) to 13(+4). Log(10) MoM distributions of the markers were established. The performance of DS screening was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation.
RESULTS
PGH log(10) MoM (SD) was decreased (p < 0.001) to -0.201 (0.373) and GHBP log(10) MoM to -0.116 (0.265) (p = 0.04), in DS pregnancies (n = 34) in week 8(+0) to 10(+0). In week 10(+1) to 13(+4), neither PGH (p = 0.16) nor GHBP (p = 0.13) was reduced in DS pregnancies. The detection rate (DR) for PGH in screening for DS in week 8(+0) to 10(+0) was 39% for a false positive rate (FPR) of 5%; increasing to 72% in combination with PAPP-A + hCGbeta. PGH + GHBP in combination with PAPP-A + hCGbeta + nuchal translucency (NT) (CUB test) had a DR of 91% compared with 80% for the CUB test.
CONCLUSION
PGH and GHBP are early first trimester maternal serum markers for DS [Correction made here after initial online publication].
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Carrier Proteins; Down Syndrome; Female; Fetal Diseases; Growth Hormone; Humans; Mass Screening; Placental Hormones; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Prenatal Diagnosis
PubMed: 19844941
DOI: 10.1002/pd.2398 -
Ginekologia Polska Jul 2013The aim of this work is to evaluate levels of placental growth hormone (PGH), pituitary growth hormone (GH1), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and ghrelin in pregnant...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work is to evaluate levels of placental growth hormone (PGH), pituitary growth hormone (GH1), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and ghrelin in pregnant women's blood serum before, during and after delivery. Furthermore, the aim is to search for links and interdependence of GH1, PGH and IGF-I concentrations.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Seventy nine blood samples were taken one to two hours before, during and half an hour after expulsion of placenta. All proteins studied were determined by ELISA method, using ELISA Kit.
RESULTS
The highest PGH concentration and IGF-I concentration in pregnant women's blood serum was observed before delivery while GH1 concentration was lowest. During and after delivery PGH and IGF-I concentration decreased proportionately and pituitary growth hormone concentration increased accordingly. About half an hour after delivery of the placenta, GH1 concentration was highest.
CONCLUSIONS
In pregnant women's blood there is a metabolic interdependence between PGH and IGF-I. Their concentration increases proportionately during pregnancy and decreases after delivery. It appears that labor and delivery releases GH1 blockade, which level rises three-fold during delivery. After parturition its role and concentration returns to levels before pregnancy.
Topics: Biomarkers; Delivery, Obstetric; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Ghrelin; Growth Hormone; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Pregnancy
PubMed: 24032274
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuropeptides Dec 2013Postpartum depression affects 10-20% of women following birth and exerts persisting adverse consequences on both mother and child. An incomplete understanding of its... (Review)
Review
Postpartum depression affects 10-20% of women following birth and exerts persisting adverse consequences on both mother and child. An incomplete understanding of its etiology constitutes a barrier to early identification and treatment. It is likely that prenatal hormone trajectories represent both markers of risk and also causal factors in the development of postpartum depression. During pregnancy the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis undergoes dramatic alterations, due in large part, to the introduction of the placenta, a transient endocrine organ of fetal origin. We suggest that prenatal placental and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation is predictive of risk for postpartum depression. In this model the positive feedback loop involving the systems regulating the products of the HPA axis results in higher prenatal levels of cortisol and placental corticotropin-releasing hormone. Greater elevations in placental corticotropin-releasing hormone are related to a disturbance in the sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to cortisol and also perhaps to decreased central corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiencies of a more extreme nature, which emerge during the prenatal period, may be predictive of an extended or more pronounced postpartum hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal refractory period, which in turn represents a risk factor for development of postpartum depression. In addition to reviewing the relevant existing literature, new data are presented in support of this model which link elevated placental corticotropin-releasing hormone with low levels of ACTH at 3-months postpartum. Future research will further elucidate the role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in postpartum depression and also whether prenatal placental and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal profiles might prove useful in the early identification of mothers at risk for postpartum mood dysregulation.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Depression, Postpartum; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Humans; Hypothalamic Hormones; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 24210135
DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.007 -
Lancet (London, England) Dec 1969
Topics: Abortion, Threatened; Animals; Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; Rabbits
PubMed: 4188285
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Sep 1969
Topics: Female; Humans; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy
PubMed: 5809240
DOI: No ID Found -
Growth Hormone & IGF Research :... Dec 2015To evaluate whether levels of placental growth hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) are associated with development of LGA infants in pregnant women...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether levels of placental growth hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) are associated with development of LGA infants in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.
DESIGN
Observational study of 103 consecutive pregnant women with long-term type 1 diabetes and median HbA1c 6.6% (range 4.9-10.5) (49 mmol/mol (30-91)) in early pregnancy. At 8, 14, 21, 27 and 33 weeks weight was recorded and blood was sampled for measurements of placental GH, IGF-I and HbA1c. LGA was defined as birth weight >90th percentile after adjustment for gender and gestational age.
RESULTS
Throughout pregnancy placental GH levels were similar in 51 (50%) women delivering LGA infants compared with the remaining women except at 8 weeks where placental GH levels were lower in women with LGA infants (1.1 ng/ml (0.1-4.3) vs. 1.7 (0.3-11.7), p = 0.04). IGF-I levels were similar in women with and without LGA infants (p=0.97). Gestational age at first blood sampling was similar in women with and without LGA infants (60 days (37-89) vs. 61.5 (42-94), p = 0.42). Placental GH levels at 14 weeks correlated negatively with weight gain in early pregnancy (r=-0.32, p=0.002). As predictors of LGA infants,multivariate logistic regression analysis identified placental GH levels at 8 weeks (OR 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2-0.9), p = 0.02), HbA1c at 33 weeks (3.6 (1.3-9.9), p = 0.01) and parity ≥1 (3.1 (1.3-7.5), p = 0.01) after adjustment for pre-pregnancy BMI.
CONCLUSIONS
Women delivering LGA infants had lower placental GH levels in early pregnancy. Growth factors and maternal weight gain in early pregnancy may be important for healthy fetal growth.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Glycated Hemoglobin; Growth Hormone; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Logistic Models; Multivariate Analysis; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Weight Gain; Young Adult
PubMed: 26589570
DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.11.002 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Apr 1993Five members of the human growth hormone (GH) gene family are located at a single locus on chromosome 17. Growth hormone is expressed in the pituitary under the control...
Five members of the human growth hormone (GH) gene family are located at a single locus on chromosome 17. Growth hormone is expressed in the pituitary under the control of the tissue-specific factor Pit 1/GHF-1, and chorionic somatomammotropin (CS) -A, -B, and -L, as well as placental GH variant, are expressed specifically in the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Despite this specificity in vivo, the CS-A promoter can bind Pit 1/GHF-1 and allow CS-A promoter activity in pituitary tumor cells after gene transfer. We have identified and characterized PSF sequences associated with only the placental members in the GH/CS locus which repress placental promoter activity > 90% in transfected pituitary cells. These sequences do not significantly affect promoter function in placental cells after gene transfer. Repressor activity correlates with binding of protein at two sites (PSF-A and PSF-B) with pituitary, but not placental, nuclear extracts. Competition studies suggest an interaction between PSF and Pit 1/GHF-1 proteins. These results indicate that PSF protein can repress CS-A promoter activity in a tissue-specific manner in vitro and provide a possible mechanism by which expression of placental members of the GH family are inhibited in the pituitary in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Binding Sites; DNA; Gene Expression Regulation; Growth Hormone; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Multigene Family; Oligonucleotides; Organ Specificity; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Neoplasms; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Rats; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Repressor Proteins; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 8473291
DOI: No ID Found -
Methods in Molecular Medicine 2006Placental hormones contribute to changes in maternal physiology, especially to changes in the blood system. Methods are described to express a placental hormone from a...
Placental hormones contribute to changes in maternal physiology, especially to changes in the blood system. Methods are described to express a placental hormone from a cloned cDNA by transfection into a mammalian cell line, to purify the hormone, and to assess the activities of the hormone in primary mouse bone marrow cell cultures. The example used in this chapter is prolactin-like protein F (PLP-F), a recently discovered mouse placental hormone that acts on the myeloid lineage. This hormone has been expressed at high levels in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. The protein is secreted from these cells after cleavage of the signal sequence and the addition of N-linked carbohydrate. A series of chromatographic steps are used to purify the protein to homogeneity, which is verified by gel electrophoresis and silver staining; the identity of the purified protein is confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Purified protein is then assayed by addition to primary bone marrow cells and scoring the growth and the differentiation of the megakaryocyte progenitor, colony forming unit-megakaryocyte.
Topics: Animals; CHO Cells; Chromatography; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Cricetinae; Female; Genetic Vectors; Hematopoiesis; Megakaryocytes; Mice; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Plasmids; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Transfection
PubMed: 16511993
DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-989-3:355