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Canadian Medical Association Journal May 1970
Review
Topics: Abortion, Threatened; Animals; Female; Growth; Humans; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy
PubMed: 4951062
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Neuroendocrinology Nov 2020The four genes coding for placental members of the human (h) growth hormone (GH) family include two that code independently for placental lactogen (PL), also known as... (Review)
Review
The four genes coding for placental members of the human (h) growth hormone (GH) family include two that code independently for placental lactogen (PL), also known as chorionic somatomammotrophin hormone, one that codes for placental growth hormone (PGH) and a pseudogene for which RNA but no protein product is reported. These genes are expressed preferentially in the villus syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta in pregnancy. In higher primates, the placental members, including hPL and PGH, are the result of multiple duplication events of the GH gene. This contrasts with rodents and ruminants, where PLs result from duplication of the prolactin (PRL) gene. Thus, unlike their mouse counterparts, the hPL and PGH hormones bind both lactogenic and somatogenic receptors with varying affinity. Roles influenced by nutrient availability in both metabolic control in pregnancy and maternal behaviour are supported. However, the effect maternal obesity has on the activation of placental members of the hGH gene family, particularly the expression and function of those genes, is poorly understood. Evidence from partially humanised hGH/PL transgenic mice indicates that both the remote upstream hPL locus control region (LCR) and more gene-related regulatory regions are required for placental expression in vivo. Furthermore, a specific pattern of interactions between the LCR and hPL gene promoter regions is detected in term placenta chromatin from women with a normal body mass index (BMI) in the range 18.5-25 kg m by chromosome conformation capture assay. This pattern is disrupted with maternal obesity (class II BMI > 35 kg m ) and associated with a > 40% decrease in term hPL RNA levels, as well as serum hPL but not PRL levels, during pregnancy. The relative importance of the chromosomal architecture and predicted properties for transcription factor participation in terms of hPL production and response to obesity are considered, based on comparison with components required for efficient human pituitary GH gene expression.
Topics: Animals; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Obesity; Placenta; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy
PubMed: 32500948
DOI: 10.1111/jne.12859 -
Seminars in Perinatology Apr 1981
Review
Topics: Dwarfism, Pituitary; Fasting; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Humans; Hypertension; Lipolysis; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Weight; Placental Lactogen; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Pregnancy, Multiple; Pregnancy, Prolonged; Risk; Stress, Physiological; Trophoblasts
PubMed: 7034206
DOI: No ID Found -
Lancet (London, England) Dec 1969
Topics: Abortion, Threatened; Animals; Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; Rabbits
PubMed: 4188285
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Sep 1969
Topics: Female; Humans; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy
PubMed: 5809240
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Dec 2021Vasoinhibin is an antiangiogenic, profibrinolytic peptide generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the pituitary hormone prolactin by cathepsin D, matrix...
Vasoinhibin is an antiangiogenic, profibrinolytic peptide generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the pituitary hormone prolactin by cathepsin D, matrix metalloproteinases, and bone morphogenetic protein-1. Vasoinhibin can also be generated when placental lactogen or growth hormone are enzymatically cleaved. Here, it is investigated whether plasmin cleaves human prolactin and placental lactogen to generate vasoinhibin-like peptides. Co-incubation of prolactin and placental lactogen with plasmin was performed and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Mass spectrometric analyses were carried out for sequence validation and precise cleavage site identification. The cleavage sites responsible for the generation of the vasoinhibin-like peptides were located at K170-E171 in prolactin and R160-T161 in placental lactogen. Various genetic variants of the human prolactin and placental lactogen genes are projected to affect proteolytic generation of the vasoinhibin-like peptides. The endogenous counterparts of the vasoinhibin-like peptides generated by plasmin may represent vasoinhibin-isoforms with inhibitory effects on vasculature and coagulation.
Topics: Cell Cycle Proteins; Fibrinolysin; Genetic Variation; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Peptides; Placental Lactogen; Prolactin; Proteolysis
PubMed: 34601001
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111471 -
Gene Apr 1998Molecular cloning gave us access to the gene members of the human growth hormone and placental lactogen multigene family. Genomic sequencing provided clues for the... (Review)
Review
Molecular cloning gave us access to the gene members of the human growth hormone and placental lactogen multigene family. Genomic sequencing provided clues for the understanding of the origin, functioning and regulation of this family. It has also allowed us to develop new diagnostic approaches for deficiencies of these hormones and to make new biotechnological contributions.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression Regulation; Growth Hormone; Humans; Mutation; Placental Lactogen; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protein Engineering; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Analysis
PubMed: 9573334
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00092-4 -
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of... Dec 1999
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications
PubMed: 10778122
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 1987In summary, studies from our and other laboratories strongly suggest that placental lactogen has direct effects on fetal growth and metabolism as well as on maternal... (Review)
Review
In summary, studies from our and other laboratories strongly suggest that placental lactogen has direct effects on fetal growth and metabolism as well as on maternal metabolism. Prolactin may be important in the regulation of water and ion transport across the amnion, the production of surfactant by the fetal lung, and the immune response during pregnancy. A summary of the postulated effects of placental lactogen on maternal and fetal physiology is depicted in Figure 9 and a summary of the postulated effects of prolactin during pregnancy is shown in Table 6. Undoubtedly, future studies of the physiology of placental lactogen and prolactin will uncover new functions for these hormones during gestation.
Topics: Female; Fetus; Growth Hormone; Humans; Ovary; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; Prolactin
PubMed: 3324681
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5395-9_19 -
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Dec 1982
Review
Topics: Female; Fetal Distress; Fetal Growth Retardation; Glycoproteins; Humans; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Proteins; Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A; Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoproteins
PubMed: 6186425
DOI: 10.1097/00003081-198212000-00006