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Trends in Plant Science Jun 2023As sessile organisms, plants must overcome various stresses. Accordingly, they have evolved several plant-specific growth and developmental processes. These plant... (Review)
Review
As sessile organisms, plants must overcome various stresses. Accordingly, they have evolved several plant-specific growth and developmental processes. These plant processes may be related to the evolution of plant-specific protein families. The WRKY transcription factors originated in eukaryotes and expanded in plants, but are not present in animals. Over the past two decades, there have been many studies on WRKYs in plants, with much of the research concentrated on their roles in stress responses. Nevertheless, recent findings have revealed that WRKYs are also required for seed dormancy and germination, postembryonic morphogenesis, flowering, gametophyte development, and seed production. Thus, WRKYs may be important for plant adaptations to a sessile lifestyle because they simultaneously regulate stress resistance and plant-specific growth and development.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Germination; Plant Development; Plant Proteins; Plants; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 36628655
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.012 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2020Plant cell walls surround cells and provide both external protection and a means of cell-to-cell communication [...].
Plant cell walls surround cells and provide both external protection and a means of cell-to-cell communication [...].
Topics: Cell Membrane; Cell Wall; Plant Cells; Plant Development; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 32326416
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082731 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... May 2021Crop productivity is directly dependent on the growth and development of plants and their adaptation during different environmental stresses. Histone acetylation is an... (Review)
Review
Crop productivity is directly dependent on the growth and development of plants and their adaptation during different environmental stresses. Histone acetylation is an epigenetic modification that regulates numerous genes essential for various biological processes, including development and stress responses. Here, we have mainly discussed the impact of histone acetylation dynamics on vegetative growth, flower development, fruit ripening, biotic and abiotic stress responses. Besides, we have also emphasized the information gaps which are obligatory to be examined for understanding the complete role of histone acetylation dynamics in plants. A comprehensive knowledge about the histone acetylation dynamics will ultimately help to improve stress resistance and reduce yield losses in different crops due to climate changes.
Topics: Acetylation; Histones; Humans; Plant Development; Plants; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 33638653
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03794-x -
Annual Review of Plant Biology Apr 2016Light is crucial for plant life, and perception of the light environment dictates plant growth, morphology, and developmental changes. Such adjustments in growth and... (Review)
Review
Light is crucial for plant life, and perception of the light environment dictates plant growth, morphology, and developmental changes. Such adjustments in growth and development in response to light conditions are often established through changes in hormone levels and signaling. This review discusses examples of light-regulated processes throughout a plant's life cycle for which it is known how light signals lead to hormonal regulation. Light acts as an important developmental switch in germination, photomorphogenesis, and transition to flowering, and light cues are essential to ensure light capture through architectural changes during phototropism and the shade avoidance response. In describing well-established links between light perception and hormonal changes, we aim to give insight into the mechanisms that enable plants to thrive in variable light environments.
Topics: Flowers; Germination; Light; Photosynthesis; Phototrophic Processes; Phototropism; Plant Development; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26905653
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112252 -
Genes Nov 2021Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various aspects of plant physiology, including promoting seed dormancy and adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition,... (Review)
Review
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various aspects of plant physiology, including promoting seed dormancy and adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, ABA plays an im-portant role in growth and development under non-stressed conditions. This review summarizes phenotypes of ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants to clarify the roles of basal ABA in growth and development. The promotive and inhibitive actions of ABA in growth are characterized by stunted and enhanced growth of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants, respectively. Growth regulation by ABA is both promotive and inhibitive, depending on the context, such as concentrations, tissues, and environmental conditions. Basal ABA regulates local growth including hyponastic growth, skotomorphogenesis and lateral root growth. At the cellular level, basal ABA is essential for proper chloroplast biogenesis, central metabolism, and expression of cell-cycle genes. Basal ABA also regulates epidermis development in the shoot, by inhibiting stomatal development, and deposition of hydrophobic polymers like a cuticular wax layer covering the leaf surface. In the root, basal ABA is involved in xylem differentiation and suberization of the endodermis. Hormone crosstalk plays key roles in growth and developmental processes regulated by ABA. Phenotypes of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants indicate prominent functions of basal ABA in plant growth and development.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Ethylenes; Membrane Lipids; Plant Development; Plant Stomata; Waxes; Xylem
PubMed: 34946886
DOI: 10.3390/genes12121936 -
Biomolecules May 2021Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed... (Review)
Review
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
Topics: Epigenesis, Genetic; Germination; Glycosylation; Plant Development; Plant Proteins; Plants; Sugars
PubMed: 34070047
DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756 -
Plant Physiology Oct 2021The development of multicellular organisms has been studied for centuries, yet many critical events and mechanisms of regulation remain challenging to observe directly.... (Review)
Review
The development of multicellular organisms has been studied for centuries, yet many critical events and mechanisms of regulation remain challenging to observe directly. Early research focused on detailed observational and comparative studies. Molecular biology has generated insights into regulatory mechanisms, but only for a limited number of species. Now, synthetic biology is bringing these two approaches together, and by adding the possibility of sculpting novel morphologies, opening another path to understanding biology. Here, we review a variety of recently invented techniques that use CRISPR/Cas9 and phage integrases to trace the differentiation of cells over various timescales, as well as to decode the molecular states of cells in high spatiotemporal resolution. Most of these tools have been implemented in animals. The time is ripe for plant biologists to adopt and expand these approaches. Here, we describe how these tools could be used to monitor development in diverse plant species, as well as how they could guide efforts to recode programs of interest.
Topics: CRISPR-Cas Systems; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Gene Editing; Genetic Engineering; Integrases; Molecular Biology; Plant Development; Synthetic Biology; Systems Biology
PubMed: 35237818
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab336 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2019Anthropogenic pollution of agricultural soils with cadmium (Cd) should receive adequate attention as Cd accumulation in crops endangers human health. When Cd is present... (Review)
Review
Anthropogenic pollution of agricultural soils with cadmium (Cd) should receive adequate attention as Cd accumulation in crops endangers human health. When Cd is present in the soil, plants are exposed to it throughout their entire life cycle. As it is a non-essential element, no specific Cd uptake mechanisms are present. Therefore, Cd enters the plant through transporters for essential elements and consequently disturbs plant growth and development. In this review, we will focus on the effects of Cd on the most important events of a plant's life cycle covering seed germination, the vegetative phase and the reproduction phase. Within the vegetative phase, the disturbance of the cell cycle by Cd is highlighted with special emphasis on endoreduplication, DNA damage and its relation to cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss the cell wall as an important structure in retaining Cd and the ability of plants to actively modify the cell wall to increase Cd tolerance. As Cd is known to affect concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phytohormones, special emphasis is put on the involvement of these compounds in plant developmental processes. Lastly, possible future research areas are put forward and a general conclusion is drawn, revealing that Cd is agonizing for all stages of plant development.
Topics: Cadmium; Cell Wall; Germination; Oxidative Stress; Plant Development; Seeds
PubMed: 31443183
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163971 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2019Photomorphogenesis and skotomorphogenesis are two key events that control plant development, from seed germination to flowering and senescence. A group of... (Review)
Review
Photomorphogenesis and skotomorphogenesis are two key events that control plant development, from seed germination to flowering and senescence. A group of wavelength-specific photoreceptors, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and various transcription factors work together to regulate these two critical processes. Phytochromes are the main photoreceptors in plants for perceiving red/far-red light and transducing the light signals to downstream factors that regulate the gene expression network for photomorphogenic development. In this review, we highlight key developmental stages in the life cycle of plants and how phytochromes and other components in the phytochrome signaling pathway play roles in plant growth and development.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Light; Light Signal Transduction; Phytochrome; Plant Development; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
PubMed: 31817722
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246165 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Dec 2023Single-cell genomics technologies are ushering in a new research era. In this review, we summarize the benefits and current challenges of using these technologies to... (Review)
Review
Single-cell genomics technologies are ushering in a new research era. In this review, we summarize the benefits and current challenges of using these technologies to probe the transcriptional regulation of plant development. In addition to profiling cells at a single snapshot in time, researchers have recently produced time-resolved datasets to map cell responses to stimuli. Live-imaging and spatial transcriptomic techniques are rapidly being adopted to link a cell's transcriptional profile with its spatial location within a tissue. Combining these technologies is a powerful spatiotemporal approach to investigate cell plasticity and developmental responses that contribute to plant resilience. Although there are hurdles to overcome, we conclude by discussing how single-cell genomics is poised to address developmental questions in the coming years.
Topics: Genomics; Transcriptome; Gene Expression Profiling; Plant Development; Single-Cell Analysis
PubMed: 37696725
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102444