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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021The protein phosphatase PP2A is essential for the control of integrated eukaryotic cell functioning. Several cellular and developmental events, e.g., plant growth... (Review)
Review
The protein phosphatase PP2A is essential for the control of integrated eukaryotic cell functioning. Several cellular and developmental events, e.g., plant growth regulator (PGR) mediated signaling pathways are regulated by reversible phosphorylation of vesicle traffic proteins. Reviewing present knowledge on the relevant role of PP2A is timely. We discuss three aspects: (1) PP2A regulates microtubule-mediated vesicle delivery during cell plate assembly. PP2A dephosphorylates members of the microtubule associated protein family MAP65, promoting their binding to microtubules. Regulation of phosphatase activity leads to changes in microtubule organization, which affects vesicle traffic towards cell plate and vesicle fusion to build the new cell wall between dividing cells. (2) PP2A-mediated inhibition of target of rapamycin complex (TORC) dependent signaling pathways contributes to autophagy and this has possible connections to the brassinosteroid signaling pathway. (3) Transcytosis of vesicles transporting PIN auxin efflux carriers. PP2A regulates vesicle localization and recycling of PINs related to GNOM (a GTP-GDP exchange factor) mediated pathways. The proper intracellular traffic of PINs is essential for auxin distribution in the plant body, thus in whole plant development. Overall, PP2A has essential roles in membrane interactions of plant cell and it is crucial for plant development and stress responses.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cytoplasmic Vesicles; Phosphorylation; Plant Cells; Plant Development; Protein Phosphatase 2; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33478110
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020975 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Jan 2021Abscisic acid (ABA) is found in a wide diversity of organisms, yet we know most about the hormonal action of this compound in the ecologically dominant and economically... (Review)
Review
Abscisic acid (ABA) is found in a wide diversity of organisms, yet we know most about the hormonal action of this compound in the ecologically dominant and economically important angiosperms. In angiosperms, ABA regulates a suite of critical responses from desiccation tolerance through to seed dormancy and stomatal closure. Work exploring the function of key genes in the ABA signalling pathway of angiosperms has revealed that this signal transduction pathway is ancient, yet considerable change in the physiological roles of this hormone have occurred over geological time. With recent advances in our capacity to characterise gene function in non-angiosperms we are on the cusp of revealing the origins of this critical hormonal signalling pathway in plants, and understanding how a simple hormone may have shaped land plant diversity, ecology and adaptation over the past 500 million years.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Plant Development
PubMed: 32571626
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.006 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Aug 2019Tropisms are directed growth-mediated plant movements which allow plants to respond to their environment. Gravitropism is the ability of plants to perceive and respond... (Review)
Review
Tropisms are directed growth-mediated plant movements which allow plants to respond to their environment. Gravitropism is the ability of plants to perceive and respond to the gravity vector and orient themselves accordingly. The gravitropic pathway can be divided into three main components: perception, biochemical signaling, and differential growth. Perception of the gravity signal occurs through the movement/sedimentation of starch-filled plastids (termed statoliths) in gravity sensing cells. Once perceived, proteins interact with the settling statoliths to set a cascade of plant hormones to the elongation zones in the roots or shoots. Plant growth regulators that play a role in gravitropism include auxin, ethylene, gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid, among others. Differential growth on opposing sides of the root or shoot allow for the plant to grow relative to the direction of the perceived gravity vector. In this review, we detail how plants perceive gravity and respond biochemically in response to gravity as well as synthesize the recent literature on this important topic in plant biology. Keywords: auxin, gravitropism, gravity perception, plant growth regulators, space biology, statolith.
Topics: Gravitropism; Plant Development; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants
PubMed: 30935972
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.011 -
American Journal of Botany Jan 2013Light passing through or reflected from adjacent foliage provides a developing plant with information that is used to guide specific genetic and physiological processes.... (Review)
Review
Light passing through or reflected from adjacent foliage provides a developing plant with information that is used to guide specific genetic and physiological processes. Changes in gene expression underlie adaptation to, or avoidance of, the light-compromised environment. These changes have been well described and are mostly attributed to a decrease in the red light to far-red light ratio and/or a reduction in blue light fluence rate. In most cases, these changes rely on the integration of red/far-red/blue light signals, leading to changes in phytohormone levels. Studies over the last decade have described distinct responses to green light and/or a shift of the blue-green, or red-green ratio. Responses to green light are typically low-light responses, suggesting that they may contribute to the adaptation to growth under foliage or within close proximity to other plants. This review summarizes the growth responses in artificially manipulated light environments with an emphasis on the roles of green wavebands. The information may be extended to understanding the influence of green light in shade avoidance responses as well as other plant developmental and physiological processes.
Topics: Light; Photoreceptors, Plant; Plant Development; Plant Dormancy; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Stomata
PubMed: 23281393
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200354 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Feb 2014Genome duplication is a widespread phenomenon in many eukaryotes. In plants numeric changes of chromosome sets have tremendous impact on growth performance and yields,... (Review)
Review
Genome duplication is a widespread phenomenon in many eukaryotes. In plants numeric changes of chromosome sets have tremendous impact on growth performance and yields, hence, are of high importance for agriculture. In contrast to polyploidisation in which the genome is duplicated throughout the entire organism and stably inherited by the offspring, endopolyploidy relies on endocycles in which cells multiply the genome in specific tissues and cell types. During the endocycle cells repeatedly replicate their DNA but skip mitosis, leading to genome duplication after each round. Endocycles are common in multicellular eukaryotes and are often involved in the regulation of cell and organ growth. In plants, changes in cellular ploidy have also been associated with other developmental processes as well as physiological interactions with the surrounding environment. Thus, endocycles play pivotal roles throughout the life cycle of many plant species.
Topics: Cell Cycle; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cytokinins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Indoleacetic Acids; Mitosis; Models, Biological; Plant Cells; Plant Development
PubMed: 24507498
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.007 -
The New Phytologist Mar 2020
Topics: Plant Development; Plants
PubMed: 32064629
DOI: 10.1111/nph.16426 -
Trends in Plant Science Feb 2015Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental process of life. During the evolution of multicellular organisms, the actively controlled demise of cells has been recruited... (Review)
Review
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental process of life. During the evolution of multicellular organisms, the actively controlled demise of cells has been recruited to fulfil a multitude of functions in development, differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and immune systems. In this review we discuss some of the multiple cases of PCD that occur as integral parts of plant development in a remarkable variety of cell types, tissues, and organs. Although research in the last decade has discovered a number of PCD regulators, mediators, and executers, we are still only beginning to understand the mechanistic complexity that tightly controls preparation, initiation, and execution of PCD as a process that is indispensable for successful vegetative and reproductive development of plants.
Topics: Apoptosis; Arabidopsis; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Oryza; Plant Development; Zea mays
PubMed: 25457111
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.003 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Feb 2009Light and temperature are two of the most important environmental stimuli regulating plant development. Recent advances have suggested considerable interaction between... (Review)
Review
Light and temperature are two of the most important environmental stimuli regulating plant development. Recent advances have suggested considerable interaction between these signalling pathways at the molecular level. Studies of both flowering and germination have shown the phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors to display altered functional hierarchies at different growth temperatures. The existence of common signalling components in both light and temperature sensing has additionally been proposed. More recently, light quality signals have been shown to regulate plant-freezing tolerance in an ambient temperature-dependent manner. Together, these data suggest that complex crosstalk between light-signalling and temperature-signalling pathways is fundamental to the growth and development of plants in natural environments.
Topics: Flowers; Germination; Light; Plant Development; Plants; Signal Transduction; Temperature
PubMed: 18951837
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.09.007 -
Current Biology : CB Jun 2022Walking through a garden or a crop field, you may notice that plants damaged by pests (insects or pathogens) look smaller than the same kind of plants nearby that are...
Walking through a garden or a crop field, you may notice that plants damaged by pests (insects or pathogens) look smaller than the same kind of plants nearby that are not damaged. An obvious explanation would be that damaged plants may have lost substantial photosynthetic tissue due to insect and pathogen activities. As such, plants may have a reduced ability to capture light and perform photosynthesis, which fuels the growth of plants. While this is likely part of the reason why damaged plants look smaller, there is also another and perhaps more fascinating explanation that we would like to discuss here in this primer. It turns out that plants attacked by insects, pathogens and other biotic stressors may 'purposely' slow down their growth and that this response is often systemic, meaning that it occurs throughout the plant and beyond the tissue that is damaged by pests. Interestingly, some chemicals or plant genetic mutations that simulate insect or pathogen attacks without causing a loss of photosynthetic tissue can also slow plant growth, suggesting the physical loss of photosynthetic tissue per se is not always a prerequisite for slowing down plant growth. In contrast, there are conditions under which plants need to grow rapidly. For example, plants grow quickly when searching for light during germination or under a shaded canopy due to crowding from neighboring plants. Under these conditions, rapid plant growth is often accompanied by increased susceptibility to pests, presumably because growth is prioritized over defense. This inverse growth-defense relationship is commonly known as the 'growth-defense trade-off' and may be considered one of the most fundamental principles of 'plant economics' that allows plants to adjust growth and defense based on external conditions (Figure 1). As plants must both grow and defend in order to reproduce and survive in the natural world, growth-defense trade-offs have important ecological consequences. In agricultural settings, crops have often been bred to maximize growth-related traits, which could inadvertently result in the loss of useful genetic traits for biotic defenses. Thus, deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying growth-defense trade-off phenomena could impact future crop breeding strategies aimed at designing superior crop plants with high yields as well as the ability to defend against biotic stressors. Here, we discuss some of the prevailing hypotheses about growth-defense trade-offs, our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and the ongoing efforts to optimize growth-defense trade-offs in crop plants.
Topics: Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Insecta; Plant Breeding; Plant Development
PubMed: 35728544
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.070 -
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB Jul 2024Over the past decade, a plethora of research has illuminated the multifaceted roles of hydrogen sulfide (HS) in plant physiology. This gaseous molecule, endowed with... (Review)
Review
Over the past decade, a plethora of research has illuminated the multifaceted roles of hydrogen sulfide (HS) in plant physiology. This gaseous molecule, endowed with signaling properties, plays a pivotal role in mitigating metal-induced oxidative stress and strengthening the plant's ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions. It fulfils several functions in regulating plant development while ameliorating the adverse impacts of environmental stressors. The intricate connections among nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (HO), and hydrogen sulfide in plant signaling, along with their involvement in direct chemical processes, are contributory in facilitating post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins that target cysteine residues. Therefore, the present review offers a comprehensive overview of sulfur metabolic pathways regulated by hydrogen sulfide, alongside the advancements in understanding its biological activities in plant growth and development. Specifically, it centres on the physiological roles of HS in responding to environmental stressors to explore the crucial significance of different exogenously administered hydrogen sulfide donors in mitigating the toxicity associated with heavy metals (HMs). These donors are of utmost importance in facilitating the plant development, stabilization of physiological and biochemical processes, and augmentation of anti-oxidative metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the review delves into the interaction between different growth regulators and endogenous hydrogen sulfide and their contributions to mitigating metal-induced phytotoxicity.
Topics: Hydrogen Sulfide; Signal Transduction; Plant Development; Stress, Physiological; Plants
PubMed: 38763004
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108730