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Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2021
Topics: Green Chemistry Technology; Nanostructures; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 34112069
DOI: 10.2174/138920102206210521165455 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Salinity is a natural and anthropogenic process that plants overcome using various responses. Salinity imposes a two-phase effect, simplified into the initial osmotic... (Review)
Review
Salinity is a natural and anthropogenic process that plants overcome using various responses. Salinity imposes a two-phase effect, simplified into the initial osmotic challenges and subsequent salinity-specific ion toxicities from continual exposure to sodium and chloride ions. Plant responses to salinity encompass a complex gene network involving osmotic balance, ion transport, antioxidant response, and hormone signaling pathways typically mediated by transcription factors. One particular transcription factor mega family, , is a principal regulator of salinity responses. Here, we categorize a collection of known salinity-responding and summarize their molecular pathways. collectively play a part in regulating osmotic balance, ion transport response, antioxidant response, and hormone signaling pathways in plants. Particular attention is given to the hormone signaling pathway to illuminate the relationship between and abscisic acid signaling. Observed trends among are highlighted, including group II as major regulators of the salinity response. We recommend renaming existing and adopting a naming system to a standardized format based on protein structure.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Antioxidants; Chlorides; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Hormones; Plant Proteins; Plants; Plants, Genetically Modified; Salinity; Salt Tolerance; Sodium; Stress, Physiological; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 36142857
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810947 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2020Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated... (Review)
Review
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant's ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen's structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor-receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants' defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor-elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.
Topics: Alarmins; Animals; Disease Resistance; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Plants; Receptors, Pattern Recognition
PubMed: 32024003
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030963 -
Transgenic Research Aug 2013Plant-herbivore relationships are complex interactions encompassing elaborate networks of molecules, signals and strategies used to overcome defences developed by each... (Review)
Review
Plant-herbivore relationships are complex interactions encompassing elaborate networks of molecules, signals and strategies used to overcome defences developed by each other. Herbivores use multiple feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from host plants. In turn, plants respond by triggering defence mechanisms to inhibit, block or modify the metabolism of the pest. As part of these defences, herbivore-challenged plants emit volatiles to attract natural enemies and warn neighbouring plants of the imminent threat. In response, herbivores develop a variety of strategies to suppress plant-induced protection. Our understanding of the plant-herbivore interphase is limited, although recent molecular approaches have revealed the participation of a battery of genes, proteins and volatile metabolites in attack-defence processes. This review describes the intricate and dynamic defence systems governing plant-herbivore interactions by examining the diverse strategies plants employ to deny phytophagous arthropods the ability to breach newly developed mechanisms of plant resistance. A cornerstone of this understanding is the use of transgenic tools to unravel the complex networks that control these interactions.
Topics: Animals; Defense Mechanisms; Herbivory; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Pest Control; Plant Diseases; Plants; Plants, Genetically Modified; Proteins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 23793555
DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9725-4 -
Nucleic Acids Research Jan 2017Plant Reactome (http://plantreactome.gramene.org/) is a free, open-source, curated plant pathway database portal, provided as part of the Gramene project. The database...
Plant Reactome (http://plantreactome.gramene.org/) is a free, open-source, curated plant pathway database portal, provided as part of the Gramene project. The database provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, analysis and interpretation of pathway knowledge to support genome annotation, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology, basic research and education. Plant Reactome employs the structural framework of a plant cell to show metabolic, transport, genetic, developmental and signaling pathways. We manually curate molecular details of pathways in these domains for reference species Oryza sativa (rice) supported by published literature and annotation of well-characterized genes. Two hundred twenty-two rice pathways, 1025 reactions associated with 1173 proteins, 907 small molecules and 256 literature references have been curated to date. These reference annotations were used to project pathways for 62 model, crop and evolutionarily significant plant species based on gene homology. Database users can search and browse various components of the database, visualize curated baseline expression of pathway-associated genes provided by the Expression Atlas and upload and analyze their Omics datasets. The database also offers data access via Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and in various standardized pathway formats, such as SBML and BioPAX.
Topics: Computational Biology; Databases, Genetic; Genomics; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Plants; Search Engine; Signal Transduction; Systems Biology; User-Computer Interface; Web Browser
PubMed: 27799469
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw932 -
Yi Chuan = Hereditas Nov 2011MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an extensive class of endogenous, non-coding, short (21~25 nt) RNA molecules, which regulate expression of target genes through miRNA-guided... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an extensive class of endogenous, non-coding, short (21~25 nt) RNA molecules, which regulate expression of target genes through miRNA-guided cleavage or translational repression of mRNAs. Plant miRNAs are involved in all aspects of regulation of plant growth and development. The miR319 was shown to regulate TCPs transcription factor controlling the fate of plant organ growth such as leaves and flowers and was involved in regulating part of hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways. Thus, they play a key biochemical function in plant organs development. This review focused on the key roles of miR319 in regulation of the morphogenesis, development, and senescence of plant organs such as leaves and flowers.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; MicroRNAs; Plant Development; Plants; RNA, Plant
PubMed: 22120075
DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01203 -
Environmental Microbiology Reports Aug 2019Since the discovery of the role of microbes in the phytobiome, microbial communities (microbiota) have been identified and characterized based on host species,... (Review)
Review
Since the discovery of the role of microbes in the phytobiome, microbial communities (microbiota) have been identified and characterized based on host species, development, distribution, and condition. The microbiota in the plant rhizosphere is believed to have been established prior to seed germination and innate immune development. However, the microbiota in seeds has received little attention. Although our knowledge of the distribution of microbiota in plant seeds and rhizosphere is currently limited, the impact of these microbiota is likely to be greater than expected. This minireview suggests a new function of microbial inheritance from the seed to root and from the first generation of plants to the next. Surprisingly, recruitment and accumulation of microbiota by biotic and abiotic stresses affect plant immunity in the next generation through plant-soil feedback and soil memory. To illustrate this process, we propose a new term called 'microbiota-induced soil inheritance (MISI).' A comprehensive understanding of MISI will provide novel insights into plant-microbe interactions and plant immunity inheritance.
Topics: Host Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Plant Immunity; Plant Roots; Plants; Rhizosphere; Seeds; Soil Microbiology; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 31054200
DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12760 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Nov 2010The last common ancestor of plants and animals may have lived 1 billion years ago. Plants and animals have occasionally exchanged genes but, for the most part, have... (Review)
Review
The last common ancestor of plants and animals may have lived 1 billion years ago. Plants and animals have occasionally exchanged genes but, for the most part, have countered selective pressures independently. Microbes (bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses) were omnipresent threats, influencing the direction of multicellular evolution. Receptors that detect molecular signatures of infectious organisms mediate awareness of nonself and are integral to host defense in plants and animals alike. The discoveries leading to elucidation of these receptors and their ligands followed a similar logical and methodological pathway in both plant and animal research.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Humans; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Plant Proteins; Plants; Receptors, Immunologic
PubMed: 21097929
DOI: 10.1126/science.1189468 -
Gene Jun 2022Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) act as "aldehyde scavengers" in plants, eliminating reactive aldehydes and hence performing a crucial part in response to stress. ALDH... (Review)
Review
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) act as "aldehyde scavengers" in plants, eliminating reactive aldehydes and hence performing a crucial part in response to stress. ALDH has been specified multiple activities since its identification in the mammalian system 72 years ago. But the most widely researched role in plants is their engagement in stress tolerance. Multiple ALDH families are found in both animals and plants, and many genes are substantially conserved within these two evolutionary diverse taxa, yet both have their unique members/families. A total of twenty-four ALDH protein family has been reported across organisms, where plants contain fourteen families. Surprisingly, the number of genes in the ALDH superfamily has risen in the higher plants because of genome duplication and expansion, indicating the functional versatilely. Observed expansion in the ALDH isoforms might provide high plasticity in their actions to achieve diversified roles in the plant. The physiological importance and functional diversity of ALDHs including plant development and environmental stress adaptability, and their evolution in plants has been studied extensively. Future investigations need to focus on evaluating the individual and interconnecting function of multiple ALDH isoforms across organisms in providing plants with proper development, maturation, and adaptability against harsh environmental conditions.
Topics: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Aldehydes; Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Mammals; Multigene Family; Phylogeny; Plants
PubMed: 35447239
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146522 -
Trends in Plant Science Aug 2010The N-end rule pathway is a protein degradation pathway that relates the stability of a protein to the nature of its N-terminal amino acid residue. This pathway is part... (Review)
Review
The N-end rule pathway is a protein degradation pathway that relates the stability of a protein to the nature of its N-terminal amino acid residue. This pathway is part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in eukaryotes and has been shown to be involved in a multitude of cellular and developmental processes in animals and fungi. However, in plants, its structure and functions have long been enigmatic. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the identification of the enzymatic components that mediate protein degradation through the N-end rule pathway in plants. We further describe the known functions of this pathway in the control of plant growth and development and outline open questions that will likely be the focus of future research.
Topics: Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Plant Proteins; Plants; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Protein Stability; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
PubMed: 20627801
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.04.011