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The Plant Cell Apr 2022Hemipterans (such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers) are some of the most devastating insect pests due to the numerous plant pathogens they transmit as vectors,... (Review)
Review
Hemipterans (such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers) are some of the most devastating insect pests due to the numerous plant pathogens they transmit as vectors, which are primarily viral. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in broadening our understanding of plant-virus-vector interactions, yet on the molecular level, viruses and vectors have typically been studied in isolation of each other until recently. From that work, it is clear that both hemipteran vectors and viruses use effectors to manipulate host physiology and successfully colonize a plant and that co-evolutionary dynamics have resulted in effective host immune responses, as well as diverse mechanisms of counterattack by both challengers. In this review, we focus on advances in effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions and the underlying mechanisms. We propose that molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur in cases where both the virus and vector benefit from the interaction (mutualism). To support this view, we show that mutualisms are common in virus-vector interactions and that virus and vector effectors target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways. Finally, we outline ways to identify true effector synergisms in the future and propose future research directions concerning the roles effectors play in plant-virus-vector interactions.
Topics: Animals; Aphids; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Vectors; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 35277714
DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac058 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Apr 2021Plant viruses have been engineered to express heterologous proteins and RNAs in plants for several decades. This viral system can now be applied to editing plant... (Review)
Review
Plant viruses have been engineered to express heterologous proteins and RNAs in plants for several decades. This viral system can now be applied to editing plant genomes. Virus vectors can deliver Cas proteins and guide RNAs, two key components of the CRISPR gene-editing system, into a plant cell without a complicated experimental procedure. In some cases, plant viruses move to meristematic cells and express gene-editing components in the cell, which results in the production of mutant seeds. Here, we focus on three main issues of the virus-induced genome editing (VIGE) technology in plants: (1) how to express the relatively large size of Cas proteins, (2) how to express guide RNA, and (3) how to increase the efficiency with which viruses are delivered into meristematic cells. We highlight recent advances in how plant virus vectors can be used efficiently in plant-genome editing.
Topics: CRISPR-Cas Systems; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Gene Editing; Genome, Plant; Plant Viruses; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
PubMed: 33450609
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101992 -
Annual Review of Virology Sep 2020Autophagy is a conserved vacuole/lysosome-mediated degradation pathway for clearing and recycling cellular components including cytosol, macromolecules, and... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is a conserved vacuole/lysosome-mediated degradation pathway for clearing and recycling cellular components including cytosol, macromolecules, and dysfunctional organelles. In recent years, autophagy has emerged to play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. It acts as an antiviral defense mechanism in plants. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that plant viruses can manipulate, hijack, or even exploit the autophagy pathway to promote pathogenesis, demonstrating the pivotal role of autophagy in the evolutionary arms race between hosts and viruses. In this review, we discuss recent findings about the antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy in plant-virus interactions.
Topics: Autophagy; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Organelles; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 32530794
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010220-054709 -
PLoS Pathogens 2013
Review
Topics: Ecosystem; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 23717199
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003304 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior 2019Phytohormones are critical in various aspects of plant biology such as growth regulations and defense strategies against pathogens. Plant-virus interactions retard plant... (Review)
Review
Phytohormones are critical in various aspects of plant biology such as growth regulations and defense strategies against pathogens. Plant-virus interactions retard plant growth through rapid alterations in phytohormones and their signaling pathways. Recent research findings show evidence of how viruses impact upon modulation of various phytohormones affecting plant growth regulations. The opinion is getting stronger that virus-mediated phytohormone disruption and alteration weaken plant defense strategies through enhanced replication and systemic spread of viral particles. These hormones regulate plant-virus interactions in various ways that may involve antagonism and cross talk to modulate small RNA (sRNA) systems. The article aims to highlight the recent research findings elaborating the impact of viruses upon manipulation of phytohormones and virus biology.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Immunity; Plant Viruses
PubMed: 30957658
DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1596719 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022Viruses are trailblazers in hijacking host systems for their own needs. Plant viruses have been shown to exploit alternative avenues of translocation within a host,... (Review)
Review
Viruses are trailblazers in hijacking host systems for their own needs. Plant viruses have been shown to exploit alternative avenues of translocation within a host, including a challenging route through the xylem, to expand their niche and establish systemic spread, despite apparent host-imposed obstacles. Recent findings indicate that plant viruses from many families could successfully hack xylem cells in a broad range of plant hosts, including herbaceous and perennial woody plants. Similar to virus-related structures present in the phloem, virus particles and membrane-containing viral replication complexes are often observed in the xylem. Except for a few single-stranded DNA viruses in the family and a negative-sense single-stranded RNA rhabdovirus, , the majority of the viruses that were detected in the xylem belong to the group of positive-sense RNA viruses. The diversity of the genome organization and virion morphology of those viruses indicates that xylem exploitation appears to be a widely adapted strategy for plant viruses. This review outlines the examples of the xylem-associated viruses and discusses factors that regulate virus inhabitation of the xylem as well as possible strategies of virus introduction into the xylem. In some cases, plant disease symptoms have been shown to be closely related to virus colonization of the xylem. Inhibiting viral xylem invasion could raise potential attractive approaches to manage virus diseases. Therefore, the identification of the host genes mediating virus interaction with the plant xylem tissue and understanding the underlying mechanisms call for more attention.
Topics: Humans; Phloem; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; Virus Replication; Xylem
PubMed: 35955508
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158375 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2023Viruses are studied at each level of biological complexity: from within-cells to ecosystems. The same basic evolutionary forces and principles operate at each level:... (Review)
Review
Viruses are studied at each level of biological complexity: from within-cells to ecosystems. The same basic evolutionary forces and principles operate at each level: mutation and recombination, selection, genetic drift, migration, and adaptive trade-offs. Great efforts have been put into understanding each level in great detail, hoping to predict the dynamics of viral population, prevent virus emergence, and manage their spread and virulence. Unfortunately, we are still far from this. To achieve these ambitious goals, we advocate for an integrative perspective of virus evolution. Focusing in plant viruses, we illustrate the pervasiveness of the above-mentioned principles. Beginning at the within-cell level, we describe replication modes, infection bottlenecks, and cellular contagion rates. Next, we move up to the colonization of distal tissues, discussing the fundamental role of random events. Then, we jump beyond the individual host and discuss the link between transmission mode and virulence. Finally, at the community level, we discuss properties of virus-plant infection networks. To close this review we propose the multilayer network theory, in which elements at different layers are connected and submit to their own dynamics that feed across layers, resulting in new emerging properties, as a way to integrate information from the different levels.
Topics: Humans; Ecosystem; Plant Viruses; Virus Diseases; Adaptation, Physiological; Mutation
PubMed: 36592246
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_5 -
Viruses Feb 2020Cajal bodies (CBs) are nuclear membraneless bodies composed of proteins and RNA. Although it is known that CBs play a role in RNA metabolism and the formation of... (Review)
Review
Cajal bodies (CBs) are nuclear membraneless bodies composed of proteins and RNA. Although it is known that CBs play a role in RNA metabolism and the formation of functional ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles, the whole breadth of CB functions is far from being fully elucidated. In this short review, we will summarize and discuss the growing body of evidence pointing to an involvement of this subnuclear compartment in plant-virus interactions.
Topics: Coiled Bodies; Host Microbial Interactions; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 32102236
DOI: 10.3390/v12020250 -
Virus Research Sep 2020Changes in global climate driven by anthropogenic activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have been progressively increasing and are... (Review)
Review
Changes in global climate driven by anthropogenic activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have been progressively increasing and are projected to intensify. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature will have significant consequences for future food production, quality, distribution and security. The epidemiology of plant viruses will be altered in the future as a result of climate change. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, increased temperature, changes to water availability and more frequent extreme weather events will have direct and indirect effects on plant viruses through changes in hosts and vectors. Predicted climatic changes will affect the distribution and survival of plant viruses and their vectors, which are expected to increase in many geographic regions. Furthermore, climate change can affect the virulence and pathogenicity of plant viruses, consequently increasing the frequency and scale of disease outbreaks. Thus, greater understanding of plant virus epidemiology is needed to better anticipate challenges ahead and to develop effective and robust control strategies that will aid in securing global food production for the future.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Climate Change; Crops, Agricultural; Food Security; Humans; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Temperature
PubMed: 32561376
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198059 -
Viruses Jan 2021We are pleased to present in this Special Issue a series of reviews and research studies on the topic of "" [...].
We are pleased to present in this Special Issue a series of reviews and research studies on the topic of "" [...].
Topics: Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 33401517
DOI: 10.3390/v13010055