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Virus Research May 2020Plant rhabdoviruses are recognized by their large bacilliform particles and for being able to replicate in both their plant hosts and arthropod vectors. This review... (Review)
Review
Plant rhabdoviruses are recognized by their large bacilliform particles and for being able to replicate in both their plant hosts and arthropod vectors. This review highlights selected, better studied examples of plant rhabdoviruses, their genetic diversity, epidemiology and interactions with plant hosts and arthropod vectors: Alfalfa dwarf virus is classified as a cytorhabdovirus, but its multifunctional phosphoprotein is localized to the plant cell nucleus. Lettuce necrotic yellows virus subtypes may differentially interact with their aphid vectors leading to changes in virus population diversity. Interactions of rhabdoviruses that infect rice, maize and other grains are tightly associated with their specific leafhopper and planthopper vectors. Future outbreaks of vector-borne nucleorhabdoviruses may be predicted based on a world distribution map of the insect vectors. The epidemiology of coffee ringspot virus and its Brevipalpus mite vector is illustrated highlighting the symptomatology and biology of a dichorhavirus and potential impacts of climate change on its epidemiology.
Topics: Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Host Microbial Interactions; Insect Vectors; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Rhabdoviridae
PubMed: 32201209
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197942 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2005This chapter provides an overview of plant rhabdovirus structure and taxonomy, genome structure, protein function, and insect and plant infection. It is focused on... (Review)
Review
This chapter provides an overview of plant rhabdovirus structure and taxonomy, genome structure, protein function, and insect and plant infection. It is focused on recent research and unique aspects of rhabdovirus biology. Plant rhabdoviruses are transmitted by aphid, leafhopper or planthopper vectors, and the viruses replicate in both their insect and plant hosts. The two plant rhabdovirus genera, Nucleorhabdovirus and Cytorhabdovirus, can be distinguished on the basis of their intracellular site of morphogenesis in plant cells. All plant rhabdoviruses carry analogs of the five core genes: the nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix (M), glycoprotein (G) and large or polymerase (L). However, compared to vesiculoviruses that are composed of the five core genes, all plant rhabdoviruses encode more than these five genes, at least one of which is inserted between the P and M genes in the rhabdoviral genome. Interestingly, while these extra genes are not similar among plant rhabdoviruses, two encode proteins with similarity to the 30K superfamily of plant virus movement proteins. Analysis of nucleorhabdoviral protein sequences revealed nuclear localization signals for the N, P, M and L proteins, consistent with virus replication and morphogenesis of these viruses in the nucleus. Plant and insect factors that limit virus infection and transmission are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Genes, Viral; Genome, Viral; Insecta; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; Rhabdoviridae; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 15981471
DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27485-5_7 -
Annual Review of Phytopathology 2001Populations of plant viruses, like all other living beings, are genetically heterogeneous, a property long recognized in plant virology. Only recently have the processes... (Review)
Review
Populations of plant viruses, like all other living beings, are genetically heterogeneous, a property long recognized in plant virology. Only recently have the processes resulting in genetic variation and diversity in virus populations and genetic structure been analyzed quantitatively. The subject of this review is the analysis of genetic variation, its quantification in plant virus populations, and what factors and processes determine the genetic structure of these populations and its temporal change. The high potential for genetic variation in plant viruses, through either mutation or genetic exchange by recombination or reassortment of genomic segments, need not necessarily result in high diversity of virus populations. Selection by factors such as the interaction of the virus with host plants and vectors and random genetic drift may in fact reduce genetic diversity in populations. There is evidence that negative selection results in virus-encoded proteins being not more variable than those of their hosts and vectors. Evidence suggests that small population diversity, and genetic stability, is the rule. Populations of plant viruses often consist of a few genetic variants and many infrequent variants. Their distribution may provide evidence of a population that is undifferentiated, differentiated by factors such as location, host plant, or time, or that fluctuates randomly in composition, depending on the virus.
Topics: Gene Frequency; Genetic Complementation Test; Genetic Variation; Mutation; Plant Viruses; Selection, Genetic
PubMed: 11701863
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.157 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Aug 2011Omic approaches to the analysis of plant-virus interactions are becoming increasingly popular. These types of data, in combination with models of interaction networks,... (Review)
Review
Omic approaches to the analysis of plant-virus interactions are becoming increasingly popular. These types of data, in combination with models of interaction networks, will aid in revealing not only host components that are important for the virus life cycle, but also general patterns about the way in which different viruses manipulate host regulation of gene expression for their own benefit and possible mechanisms by which viruses evade host defenses. Here, we review studies identifying host genes regulated by viruses and discuss how these genes integrate in host regulatory and interaction networks, with a particular focus on the physical properties of these networks.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Gene Regulatory Networks; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Proteins; Plant Viruses; Plants; Selection, Genetic; Systems Biology; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 21458360
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.013 -
STAR Protocols Dec 2022Infectious clone technology is universally applied for biological characterization and engineering of viruses. This protocol describes procedures that implement...
Infectious clone technology is universally applied for biological characterization and engineering of viruses. This protocol describes procedures that implement synthetic biology advances for streamlined assembly of virus infectious clones. Here, I detail homology-based cloning using biological material, as well as SynViP assembly using type IIS restriction enzymes and chemically synthesized DNA fragments. The assembled virus clones are based on compact T-DNA binary vectors of the pLX series and are delivered to host plants by Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pasin et al. (2017, 2018) and Pasin (2021).
Topics: Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 36149792
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101716 -
Plant Virus-Based Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Agronomic Compounds as a Suspension Concentrate.Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2018Nanoparticle formulations of agrichemicals may enhance their performance while simultaneously mitigating any adverse environmental effects. Red clover necrotic mosaic...
Nanoparticle formulations of agrichemicals may enhance their performance while simultaneously mitigating any adverse environmental effects. Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) is a soil-transmitted plant virus with many inherent attributes that allow it to function as a plant virus-based nanoparticle (PVN) when loaded with biologically active ingredients. Here we describe how to formulate a PVN loaded with the nematicide abamectin (Abm) beginning with the propagation of the virus through the formulation, deactivation, and characterization of the finished product.
Topics: Ivermectin; Nanoparticles; Plant Viruses; Tombusviridae
PubMed: 29869243
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_13 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2018Viruses are widely used to fabricate nanomaterials in the field of nanotechnology. Plant viruses are of great interest to the nanotechnology field because of their... (Review)
Review
Viruses are widely used to fabricate nanomaterials in the field of nanotechnology. Plant viruses are of great interest to the nanotechnology field because of their symmetry, polyvalency, homogeneous size distribution, and ability to self-assemble. This homogeneity can be used to obtain the high uniformity of the templated material and its related properties. In this paper, the variety of nanomaterials generated in rod-like and spherical plant viruses is highlighted for the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Their recent studies on developing nanomaterials in a wide range of applications from biomedicine and catalysts to biosensors are reviewed.
Topics: Genetic Engineering; Nanostructures; Nanotechnology; Plant Viruses
PubMed: 30208562
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092311 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Dec 2005Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection has been supported by molecular evidence and by experimental evolution of viruses. However, it might not account for... (Review)
Review
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection has been supported by molecular evidence and by experimental evolution of viruses. However, it might not account for the evolution of all life, and an alternative model of evolution through symbiotic relationships also has gained support. In this review, the evolution of plant viruses has been reinterpreted in light of these two seemingly opposing theories by using evidence from the earliest days of plant virology to the present. Both models of evolution probably apply in different circumstances, but evolution by symbiotic association (symbiogenesis) is the most likely model for many evolutionary events that have resulted in rapid changes or the formation of new species. In viruses, symbiogenesis results in genomic reassortment or recombination events among disparate species. These are most noticeable by phylogenetic comparisons of extant viruses from different taxonomic groups.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Helper Viruses; Models, Genetic; Phylogeny; Plant Viruses; Selection, Genetic; Symbiosis
PubMed: 16322740
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1285 -
Advances in Virus Research 2006
Review
Topics: Molecular Epidemiology; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants, Edible; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 17027678
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3527(06)67003-6 -
Annual Review of Phytopathology 2004The genome structures of a large number of viruses transmitted by olpidium and plasmodiophorid vectors have been determined. The viruses are highly diverse, belonging to... (Review)
Review
The genome structures of a large number of viruses transmitted by olpidium and plasmodiophorid vectors have been determined. The viruses are highly diverse, belonging to 12 genera in at least 4 families. Plasmodiophorids are now classified as protists rather than true fungi. This finding, along with the recognition of the great variety of viruses transmitted by olpidium and plasmodiophorid vectors, will likely lead to an elaboration of the details of in vitro and in vivo transmission mechanisms. Recent progress in elucidating the interaction between Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) and its zoospore vector suggests that specific sites on the capsid as well as on the zoospore are involved in transmission. Moreover, some features of CNV/zoospore attachment are similar to poliovirus/host cell interactions, suggesting evolutionary conservation of functional features of plant and animal virus capsids.
Topics: Animals; Cucumis sativus; Disease Vectors; Eukaryota; Fungi; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Virion
PubMed: 15283666
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140317