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Current Opinion in Immunology Apr 2017Germinal centers (GCs) form in secondary lymphoid tissues in response to antigenic challenge and are the site of somatic hypermutation, generating GC B cells with... (Review)
Review
Germinal centers (GCs) form in secondary lymphoid tissues in response to antigenic challenge and are the site of somatic hypermutation, generating GC B cells with increasing affinity for the inciting agent that are positively selected over time. However, it is not until GC B cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells and egress from the GC back into the circulation that effective long-lived humoral immunity is conferred upon the host. Here we review what is known about the signals that initiate the transition from a GC B cell into the memory B cell and plasma cell compartments and the downstream transcriptional regulation of these processes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Germinal Center; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Immunologic Memory; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 28319733
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.006 -
Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC Dec 2023Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is an unusual disorder most evident in the accessible mucosa and usually reported in the upper aerodigestive tract, although it is named... (Review)
Review
Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is an unusual disorder most evident in the accessible mucosa and usually reported in the upper aerodigestive tract, although it is named according to its specific anatomical site of involvement, such as plasma cell cheilitis, plasma cell gingivitis, plasma cell vulvitis, and Zoon's balanitis. PCM reflects a dense polyclonal, rather than a monoclonal, plasma cell proliferation of unclear and unknown etiology. This perplexing disorder tends to be treated by avoiding possible triggers and intralesional and/or systemic steroids. Herein we review and provide an update on PCM, which often represents a clinical conundrum.
Topics: Humans; Mucositis; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 38651846
DOI: No ID Found -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... May 2023Plasma cell gingivitis (PCG) is an inflammatory condition that affects the gingival mucosa of the oral cavity. It is characterized by polyclonal dense plasma cell... (Review)
Review
Plasma cell gingivitis (PCG) is an inflammatory condition that affects the gingival mucosa of the oral cavity. It is characterized by polyclonal dense plasma cell infiltrate in the connective tissue. Lesions do not respond to prophylactic treatment. Etiology is most likely hypersensitivity to certain antigens (eg, toothpastes, oral rinses, chewing gums, spices). Differential diagnosis of PCG includes reactive, granulomatous, and neoplastic lesions. The diagnostic workup is based on patient's history and the clinicopathologic correlation to rule out mimics of PCG. Dermatologic patch test may be indicated in chronic conditions to identify the allergen.
Topics: Humans; Plasma Cells; Gingivitis; Gingiva; Diagnosis, Differential
PubMed: 36805902
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.003 -
Primary Care Dec 2016Plasma cell disorders are benign, premalignant, and malignant conditions characterized by the presence of a monoclonal paraprotein detected in serum or urine. These... (Review)
Review
Plasma cell disorders are benign, premalignant, and malignant conditions characterized by the presence of a monoclonal paraprotein detected in serum or urine. These conditions are biologically, pathologically, and clinically heterogeneous. There have been major advances in the understanding of the biology of these diseases, which are promoting the development of therapies with novel mechanisms of action. Novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies have gained approval in the United States and Europe for the treatment of plasma cell disorders. Such therapies are translating into higher rates of response and survival and better toxicity profiles.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Disease Management; Humans; Paraproteinemias; Plasma Cells; Primary Health Care
PubMed: 27866585
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.002 -
International Immunology Nov 2021Plasma cells are terminally differentiated from activated B cells and are specialized for secreting antibodies, which are essential effector molecules in humoral... (Review)
Review
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated from activated B cells and are specialized for secreting antibodies, which are essential effector molecules in humoral immunity to neutralize invading pathogens. Upon challenge with T-cell-dependent antigens, plasma cells can be generated during the primary extrafollicular response, the germinal center (GC) response or the secondary memory response. Recent studies have revealed that plasma cell generation is regulated not only by several key transcription factors but also by epigenetic modifications. In addition, the differentiation of GC B cells toward a plasma cell fate is associated with affinity for antigens and is determined by the strength of contact with T follicular helper cells.
Topics: Animals; Germinal Center; Humans; Plasma Cells; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 34536284
DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab071 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Feb 2023The longevity of plasma cells is dependent on their ability to access and reside in so-called niches that are predominantly located in the bone marrow. Here, by...
The longevity of plasma cells is dependent on their ability to access and reside in so-called niches that are predominantly located in the bone marrow. Here, by employing a traceable method to label recently generated plasma cells, we showed that homeostatic plasma cells in the bone marrow and spleen were continuously replenished by newly generated B220hiMHC-IIhi populations that progressively differentiated into B220loMHC-IIlo long-lived plasma cell (LLPC) populations. We also found that, in the bone marrow, germinal center (GC)-independent and GC-dependent plasma cells decayed similarly upon NP-CGG engagement, and both entered the B220loMHC-IIlo LLPC pool. Compared with NP+B220hiMHC-IIhi plasma cells, NP+B220loMHC-IIlo cells were more immobilized in the bone marrow niches and showed better survival potential. Thus, our results suggest that the adhesion status of bone marrow plasma cells is dynamically altered during their differentiation and is associated with provision of survival signals.
Topics: Plasma Cells; Bone Marrow; Cell Differentiation; Bone Marrow Cells; Germinal Center; Cell Survival
PubMed: 36515679
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221717 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020Humoral immunity provides protection from pathogen infection, and this is mediated by antibodies that are produced by plasma cells. Plasma cells are terminally... (Review)
Review
Humoral immunity provides protection from pathogen infection, and this is mediated by antibodies that are produced by plasma cells. Plasma cells are terminally differentiated from activated B cells and are specialized for secreting antibodies. Plasma cells are generated during extrafollicular or germinal center (GC) responses, but GC-derived plasma cells are thought to be the major precursors of long-lived plasma cells, which confer long-term protection. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis for plasma cell differentiation from GC B cells.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Germinal Center; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 32323270
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_6 -
European Journal of Immunology Jan 2022Long considered a homogeneous population dedicated to antibody secretion, plasma cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognized. Plasma cells... (Review)
Review
Long considered a homogeneous population dedicated to antibody secretion, plasma cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognized. Plasma cells were first segregated based on their maturation level, but the complexity of this subset might well be underestimated by this simple dichotomy. Indeed, in the last decade new functions have been attributed to plasma cells including but not limited to cytokine secretion. However, a proper characterization of plasma cell heterogeneity has remained elusive partly due to technical issues and cellular features that are specific to this cell type. Cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic signals could be at the origin of this heterogeneity. Recent advances in technologies such as single cell RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, or ChIP-seq on low cell numbers helped to elucidate the fate decision in other cell lineages and similar approaches could be implemented to evaluate the heterogeneous fate of activated B cells in health and disease. Here, we summarized published work shedding some lights on the stimuli and genetic program shaping B-cell terminal differentiation at the single cell level in mice and men. We also discuss the fate and heterogeneity of plasma cells during immune responses, vaccination, and in the frame of human plasma cell disorders.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Plasma Cells; RNA-Seq; Single-Cell Analysis
PubMed: 34694625
DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149216 -
Cytometry. Part B, Clinical Cytometry May 2023Flow cytometry has been indispensable in diagnosing B cell lymphoma and plasma cell neoplasms. The advances in novel multicolor flow cytometry have also made this... (Review)
Review
Flow cytometry has been indispensable in diagnosing B cell lymphoma and plasma cell neoplasms. The advances in novel multicolor flow cytometry have also made this technology a robust tool for monitoring minimal/measurable residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. However, challenges using conventional gating strategies to isolate neoplastic B or plasma cells are emerging due to the rapidly increasing number of antibody therapeutics targeting single or multiple classic B/plasma cell-lineage markers, such as CD19, CD20, and CD22 in B cells and CD38 in plasma cells. This review is the first of a two-part series that summarizes the most current targeted therapies used in B and plasma cell neoplasms and proposes detailed alternative approaches to overcome post-targeted therapy analysis challenges by flow cytometry. The second review in this series (Chen et al.) focuses on challenges encountered in the use of targeted therapy in precursor B cell neoplasms.
Topics: Humans; Plasma Cells; Antigens, CD; Flow Cytometry; B-Lymphocytes; Neoplasms, Plasma Cell; Neoplasm, Residual; Immunophenotyping
PubMed: 36321879
DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22097 -
The FEBS Journal Jul 2022Prophylactic, serological memory relies on maintaining stable reservoirs of plasma cells, capable of constitutively-secreting high-affinity, anti-pathogen antibody for... (Review)
Review
Prophylactic, serological memory relies on maintaining stable reservoirs of plasma cells, capable of constitutively-secreting high-affinity, anti-pathogen antibody for a lifetime. Although antibody titers generated by some vaccines (e.g. measles) can last a lifetime, other vaccinations (e.g. tetanus) need repeated boosting because long-lived plasma cells are not produced or maintained. Moreover, in old age, the ability to generate long-lived humoral responses diminishes. Despite their importance to health, it is unknown how long-lived plasma cells survive over years, whereas most antibody secreting cells die off within weeks after vaccination. In this review, we focus on how known factors regulate the longevity of plasma cell fitness and survival, and how that landscape is shaped by environmental influences, such as inflammation, infection and aging. In addition, we highlight newly discovered cellular dynamics in the bone marrow that may reframe the mechanisms supporting long-lived plasma cell survival and function.
Topics: Antibody-Producing Cells; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Immunologic Memory; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 35114061
DOI: 10.1111/febs.16385